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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What term does the author apply to the idea that once you have accepted a theory and used it as a tool in your thinking, it is extremely difficult to notice its flaws?
(a) Theory-induced blindness.
(b) An anchoring effect.
(c) The availability cascade.
(d) Narrative fallacy.

2. In the following example from Chapter 30, the author posits the following in regards to a person choosing a marble from an urn. The red marbles win a prize. "Urn A contains 10 marbles, of which 1 is red. Urn B contains 100 marbles, of which 8 are red" (631). What are the chances of winning in Urn B?
(a) 20%.
(b) 8%.
(c) 10%.
(d) 16%.

3. What part of the brain has a primary role as its threat center?
(a) The cerebellum.
(b) The amygdala.
(c) The brainstem.
(d) The occipital lobe.

4. In the author's description of the cold-pressor experiment, how many cold-hand trials were the participants told they would experience?
(a) Three.
(b) Six.
(c) Two.
(d) Four.

5. In Chapter 31, the author posits that the main motivators of money-seeking individuals (aside for the very poor) are what?
(a) Power and greed.
(b) Earning more money.
(c) Support and protection.
(d) Self-regard and achievement.

6. Where was John von Neumann originally from?
(a) Israel.
(b) Spain.
(c) Austria-Hungary.
(d) France.

7. In one example provided by the author in Chapter 31, he establishes two sports fans going to a game while facing a blizzard. One bought his ticket and the other one got his for free from a friend. The author asserts that the fan who paid is more likely to drive. What provides the explanation for this assertion?
(a) The availability cascade.
(b) Mental accounting.
(c) An anchoring effect.
(d) Narrative fallacy.

8. The author states in Chapter 26, "In mixed gambles, where both a gain and a loss are possible," what happens (552)?
(a) "Loss aversion causes narrative fallacies."
(b) "Confidence overrides logic."
(c) "Loss aversion causes extremely risk-averse choices."
(d) "Risk seeking behavior causes extremely loss aversive choices."

9. Who was the director of the CIA when intelligence learned that al-Qaeda may be planning a major attack on the U.S.?
(a) Baruch Fischhoff.
(b) George Tenet.
(c) Christopher Chabris.
(d) Malcolm Gladwell.

10. In what branch of the military did the author complete service?
(a) French Navy.
(b) Israeli Army.
(c) U.S. Marines.
(d) British Navy.

11. In utility theory, the utilty of a gain is assessed by comparing what?
(a) The axioms invested in the states of wealth.
(b) The heuristics of the subject.
(c) The base rates of the subject.
(d) The utilities of two states of wealth.

12. In discussing the stock market, the author states that if all the assets in a market are correctly priced, it leaves no scope for cleverness but it also does what?
(a) Creates definitive axioms.
(b) Enacts executive control.
(c) Creates an availability cascade.
(d) Protects fools from their own folly.

13. Who wrote the article "The Robust Beauty of Improper Linear Models in Decision Making"?
(a) Jim Collins and Jerry I. Porras.
(b) Malcolm Gladwell.
(c) Robyn Dawes.
(d) Baruch Fischhoff.

14. Who is the author of Clinical vs. Statistical Prediction: A Theoretical Analysis and a Review of the Evidence?
(a) Baruch Fischhoff.
(b) Paul Meehl.
(c) Malcolm Gladwell.
(d) Jerry I. Porras.

15. Who was the anesthesiologist who intervened regarding physicians' and midwives' clinical judgment to determine whether a baby faced breathing distress?
(a) Malcolm Gladwell.
(b) Baruch Fischhoff.
(c) Danny Oppenheimer.
(d) Virginia Apgar.

Short Answer Questions

1. In Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, the author points out that "Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters" (728). What are these masters defined as?

2. Who is the finance professor at U.C. Berkeley who created a study wherein he examined the trading records of 10,000 brokerage accounts of individual investors over a seven-year period?

3. The author states in Chapter 25, "Gambles represent the fact that the consequences of choices are" what (526)?

4. What well-known expert in marital relations estimated that a stable relationship requires good interactions outnumber bad interactions by at least 5 to 1?

5. The author notes in Chapter 30 that what "is similar to the psychology of terrorism" (619)?

(see the answer keys)

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