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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Who was the most important German chemist, whose papers in the "Memoires" of the Berlin Academy, during the 1740s and 1750s, earned the admiration of the French chemists?

2. In attempting to understand the role of air in combustion and calcination, Lavoisier extended ________'s theory of the vaporous state into chemistry.

3. According to the narrator in Chapter 5, who coined the word "spermatozoon" in 1827?

4. The narrator explained in Chapter 4 that there was very little in Lavoisier's activities prior to 1772 that revealed any interest in ________.

5. The narrator reveals that Lavoisier heated water gently for ________days in a "pelican," an apparatus for constant distillation in which the water evaporates, then condenses, and finally runs back to be evaporated again.

Short Essay Questions

1. Discuss natural history's rebirth in the late seventeenth century.

2. What was the "Encyclopedie"?

3. Explain the importance of electricity producing muscle contractions.

4. What did Descartes conclude about mechanical philosophy and the study of life?

5. Describe the three primary kinds of governments Montesquieu distinguished between in Chapter 6.

6. Discuss the rise of experimental physiology in the 1740s.

7. Explain how probability as human judgment was important in law and in commercial transactions.

8. Discuss Regnier de Graaf's experiments on digestive fluids.

9. Briefly explain Joseph Priestley and his contribution to gas chemistry.

10. Explain the common property air and fire both shared.

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Explain the motion along a curve theory and its relevance to the Enlightenment.

Essay Topic 2

Thoroughly explain the Leyden Jar as detailed in Chapter 3 of "Science and the Enlightenment."

Essay Topic 3

Discuss natural history's impact on the field of physiology as detailed in Chapter 5 of "Science and the Enlightenment."

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