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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. As a mathematician and rigorous metaphysician, ________ believed that the universe in all past, present, and future states followed a "preestablished harmony" laid down by God at the time of creation.

2. The narrator reveals that Lavoisier heated water gently for ________days in a "pelican," an apparatus for constant distillation in which the water evaporates, then condenses, and finally runs back to be evaporated again.

3. Of all the prize papers, Rousseau's ________, written for the prize offered by the Dijon Academy in 1750, has had the most lasting fame, according to the narrator in Chapter 6.

4. According to the narrator in Chapter 6, societies modeled after the Royal Society were founded at the following locations, except for which one?

5. In February 1744, ________, master apothecary to the French Army, published an article on the red precipitate of mercury "per se" in "Observations sur la physique, sur l'histoire naturelle, et sur les arts."

Short Essay Questions

1. Discuss Turgot's version of the science of man.

2. What were the four fragments of knowledge that probably contributed to Lavoisier's inspiration to research combustion?

3. Explain why the Chemical Revolution was more the creation of a new science than a change in an existing one.

4. Briefly discuss Du Pont de Nemours as described in Chapter 6.

5. What were a couple ways to promote the science of man according to Chapter 6?

6. Discuss Abraham Trembley's discovery of generation.

7. Briefly explain John Mayow's experiment with a vacuum pump as described in chapter 4.

8. Briefly discuss the two great national academies that were the models on which the new academies of the eighteenth century were founded.

9. Discuss natural history's rebirth in the late seventeenth century.

10. Briefly discuss Jean Senebier's interpretation of Ingen-Housz's explanation of how plants produced oxygen.

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Discuss natural history's impact on the field of physiology as detailed in Chapter 5 of "Science and the Enlightenment."

Essay Topic 2

Explain Lavoisier's rationalization of chemistry. Do you support Lavoisier's rationalization? Why or why not?

Essay Topic 3

Thoroughly explain why Newton was so important to the Enlightenment.

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