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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. The first mortality tables from which life insurance premiums could be calculated were constructed just at the end of the ________ century.

2. Joseph Black studied chemistry with ________ at Glasgow, serving for three years as his assistant, according to Chapter 4.

3. Who was the first person to identify a new air different from common atmospheric air,, in Chapter 4?

4. Who, as both a chemist and a physician, was the first to criticize mechanistic explanations while his books on chemistry and physiology influenced Europe?

5. Who opened his "Spirit of the Laws" with a definition of law in Chapter 6?

Short Essay Questions

1. What was the "Encyclopedie"?

2. Briefly explain Joseph Black as described in Chapter 4.

3. Discuss Montesquieu's fourteenth book of the "Spirit of the Laws."

4. Discuss Turgot's version of the science of man.

5. What did Descartes conclude about mechanical philosophy and the study of life?

6. Explain the common property air and fire both shared.

7. Briefly discuss Georg Stahl and his impact on living matter.

8. What was Turgot's theory of expansibility?

9. What is natural history? What does natural mean in the Aristotelian sense?

10. Explain the importance of electricity producing muscle contractions.

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Explain the role literature played in the science field, as detailed in Chapter 1 of "Science and the Enlightenment."

Essay Topic 2

Present arguments for and against Benjamin Franklin's one-fluid theory and its impact on the Enlightenment.

Essay Topic 3

Explain how subtle fluids effect electricity as discussed in Chapter 3 of "Science and the Enlightenment."

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