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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. In 1728, what was the name of the English Quaker who published in London a two-volume "Cyclopaedia" or universal dictionary of the arts and sciences?

2. What was the name of the psychological explanation Buffon gave which are essentially the judgments made by men in taking risks, depending on the psychology of the individual balancing hope of gain against fear of loss?

3. Natural theology in England continued well into the nineteenth century, where it finally encountered its nemesis in ________, according to the narrator in Chapter 5.

4. ________ theory entered into law not only in the making of contracts but also in the determination of guilt and innocence.

5. Saussure found that plants grow better in an atmosphere rich in fixed air, up to a concentration of approximately ________ percent.

Short Essay Questions

1. Discuss Turgot's version of the science of man.

2. Discuss natural history's rebirth in the late seventeenth century.

3. What was the medical purpose of Black's research in gas chemistry? Explain.

4. What two other academic chores brought the problem of combustion to Lavoisier's attention?

5. Briefly explain Joseph Black as described in Chapter 4.

6. Who were the physiocrats? Explain.

7. What were a couple ways to promote the science of man according to Chapter 6?

8. Discuss Abraham Trembley's discovery of generation.

9. What was Turgot's theory of expansibility?

10. Briefly discuss Jean Senebier's interpretation of Ingen-Housz's explanation of how plants produced oxygen.

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Present arguments for and against Benjamin Franklin's one-fluid theory and its impact on the Enlightenment.

Essay Topic 2

Discuss natural history's impact on the field of physiology as detailed in Chapter 5 of "Science and the Enlightenment."

Essay Topic 3

Identify, analyze, and discuss the three tests of Universal Gravitation.

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