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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. The science of man took several very different directions during the Enlightenment, the most controversial being that of ________.

2. Chapter 6 explains ________ requires a science of man that uses methods comparable to those of the physical sciences.

3. Who argued in Chapter 6 that although men did not enjoy equal abilities, they did have the same natural rights, and it was therefore incumbent on the government to allow individuals to pursue their own best interests to the extent that they could without infringing on the natural rights of others?

4. In Chapter 5, Ingen-Housz was able to show in his "Experiments on Vegetables" that it was ________ not ________, that was essential for the production of oxygen by the leaves.

5. The influx of German texts coincided with the revival of French chemistry under ________, who began his famous chemical lectures at the Jardin de Roi in 1742.

Short Essay Questions

1. Discuss Montesquieu's fourteenth book of the "Spirit of the Laws."

2. Briefly explain John Mayow's experiment with a vacuum pump as described in chapter 4.

3. Explain the importance of electricity producing muscle contractions.

4. What was the "Encyclopedie"?

5. Briefly explain Joseph Priestley and his contribution to gas chemistry.

6. Briefly explain Joseph Black as described in Chapter 4.

7. Briefly discuss Du Pont de Nemours as described in Chapter 6.

8. Discuss Regnier de Graaf's experiments on digestive fluids.

9. Discuss Abraham Trembley's discovery of generation.

10. Briefly discuss Georg Stahl and his impact on living matter.

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Explain the motion along a curve theory and its relevance to the Enlightenment.

Essay Topic 2

Compare and contrast the mechanical and vital explanations of natural phenomena, especially motion.

Essay Topic 3

Explain the early history of electricity as detailed in Chapter 3 of "Science and the Enlightenment."

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