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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. What was the name of the psychological explanation Buffon gave which are essentially the judgments made by men in taking risks, depending on the psychology of the individual balancing hope of gain against fear of loss?

2. Chapter 5 states that the property of "irritability" had first been recognized by ________, who used it to explain why the gall bladder does not discharge bile into the intestines constantly but only when bile is needed.

3. The reintroduction of atomism into chemistry was accomplished by a meteorologist, ________, who became a chemist only when he saw the implications for chemistry of his ideas about the atmosphere.

4. The campaign of the philosophes to reform the criminal code in France began with the ________ affair.

5. Baron d'Holback's "System of Nature" became known as the ________, according to the narrator in Chapter 6.

Short Essay Questions

1. Briefly discuss Georg Stahl and his impact on living matter.

2. Discuss Montesquieu's fourteenth book of the "Spirit of the Laws."

3. Explain the common property air and fire both shared.

4. What was Turgot's theory of expansibility?

5. Discuss natural history's rebirth in the late seventeenth century.

6. Discuss Abraham Trembley's discovery of generation.

7. What was the "Encyclopedie"?

8. Explain how probability as human judgment was important in law and in commercial transactions.

9. What were the four fragments of knowledge that probably contributed to Lavoisier's inspiration to research combustion?

10. Discuss the rise of experimental physiology in the 1740s.

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Explain Lavoisier's rationalization of chemistry. Do you support Lavoisier's rationalization? Why or why not?

Essay Topic 2

Identify, analyze, and discuss the two sensational new discoveries in generation that coincided with the change in physiological theories as detailed in Chapter 5 of "Science and the Enlightenment."

Essay Topic 3

Analyze and discuss the impact the Encyclopedie had on the moral sciences and on the Enlightenment as a whole.

(see the answer keys)

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