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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Of all the subtle fluids conceived of during the Enlightenment, the ________ was the one that caused the most excitement and attracted the most researchers.

2. What category of science, at the beginning of the Enlightenment, was "the science that teaches us the reasons and causes of all the effects that Nature produces," including both living and nonliving phenomena?

3. Who argued in the "Preliminary discourse" to the "Encyclopedie" that mathematics was basic to all of physics, according to the narrator in Chapter 3?

4. What area of science included astronomy, optics, statics, hydraulics, gnomonics, geography, horology, navigation, surveying, and fortification?

5. Contemporary chemistry recognized only one element in the gaseous state, and that was the element _______.

Short Essay Questions

1. Discuss the origin of the study of electricity.

2. What did the French call the eighteenth century? Explain.

3. Discuss Benjamin Franklin's single static electrical atmosphere.

4. What advantage did natural philosophy have over other literary pursuits? Explain.

5. Discuss the product of the Philosophical Letters.

6. Discuss Fontenelle's tie to science and literature as discussed in Chapter 1.

7. Briefly explain the major philosopher of method in France in the eighteenth century.

8. Explain how mathematics and mechanics advanced through the study of curves.

9. Explain why Newton's laws were not adequate to deal with all of the mechanical phenomena studied during the Enlightenment.

10. Briefly discuss the origin of subtle fluid as discuss in Chapter 3 of "Science and the Enlightenment."

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Present arguments for and against Benjamin Franklin's one-fluid theory and its impact on the Enlightenment.

Essay Topic 2

Identify, analyze, and discuss the three tests of Universal Gravitation.

Essay Topic 3

Analyze and discuss the Chemical Revolution as detailed in "Science and the Enlightenment."

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