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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. According to the narrator in Chapter 3, Abbe Nollet, who became the most prominent ________ during the Enlightenment, explained the two electricities as opposing currents of the electrical fluid emerging in jets from the electrified body.
(a) Polish priest.
(b) German psychologist.
(c) American plumber.
(d) French electrician.

2. Which German metaphysician, when asked in 1785 if he believed he lived in an enlightened age, answered, "No, we are living in an age of enlightenment."
(a) Chatelet.
(b) Maupertuis.
(c) Diderot.
(d) Immanuel Kant.

3. ________ in Italy and ________ in Holland did experiments in which they measured the impact of a falling ball by dropping in onto clay.
(a) 'sGravesande / Descartes.
(b) Newton / Aristotle.
(c) Voltaire / d'Alembert.
(d) Giovanni Poleni / 'sGravesande.

4. According to the narrator in Chapter 1, who was one of the originators of the mechanical philosophy who believed there were no forces or powers in matter?
(a) Leibniz.
(b) Bernoulli.
(c) Descartes.
(d) Carnot.

5. Symmer's socks suggested the presence of ________ electrical fluids, according to the narrator in Chapter 3.
(a) 8.
(b) 4.
(c) 6.
(d) 2.

6. In Chapter 1, who claimed that his "principle of least action" proved the existence of God?
(a) Pierre-Louis-Moreau de Maupertuis.
(b) Newton.
(c) Leibniz.
(d) Malebranche.

7. Who became the leading literary figure of the Enlightenment and in 1734 published "Philosophical Letters"?
(a) Newton.
(b) Voltaire.
(c) Breteuil.
(d) Chatelet.

8. In Chapter 3, whose book described demonstration experiments and gave detailed instructions for making and using the apparatus, but unlike the Dutch physicists, he attempted to create a single rational systematic philosophy, after the model of Leibniz?
(a) Chatelet.
(b) Wolff.
(c) 'sGravesande.
(d) Desaguliers.

9. All of the following philosophers at the University of Leiden followed Newton's lead in organizing experiments except for whom?
(a) Locke.
(b) Boerhaave.
(c) 'sGravesande.
(d) Musschenbroek.

10. What was the name of the philosopher who carried out the following experiments: kite, electric spider, and lightning bells to study electricity?
(a) Abbe Jean Antoine Nollet.
(b) Stephen Gray.
(c) The Jesuits.
(d) Benjamin Franklin.

11. ________, working with the knowledge of latent heat, realized that a big difference in heat could be obtained with a small difference in temperature, if one compared water and ice.
(a) Fordyce.
(b) Roebuck.
(c) Black.
(d) Newton.

12. Of all the subtle fluids conceived of during the Enlightenment, the ________ was the one that caused the most excitement and attracted the most researchers.
(a) Air.
(b) Water.
(c) Electrical fire.
(d) Natural fire.

13. Leibniz, in his differential calculus, broke up the curve into many little straight lines, creating a ________, in Chapter 2 of "Science and the Enlightenment."
(a) Polygon curve.
(b) Pentagon curve.
(c) Diagonal curve.
(d) Centripetal curve.

14. Newton had not made it clear whether the forces acting between the planets and between the parts of matter acted at a distance or through some intervening medium called a(n) ________.
(a) Osmosis.
(b) Fluid.
(c) Witness.
(d) Ether.

15. In Chapter 3, ________ and ________ were both led to the problem of specific heat by the discovery that a great deal of heat was required to melt ice, even though its temperature remained at the melting point.
(a) Wilcke / Robison.
(b) Black / Wilcke.
(c) Galvani / Volta.
(d) Black / Coulomb.

Short Answer Questions

1. Who claimed a community of atheists could live a completely moral existence, according to Chapter 1 of the book "Science and the Enlightenment"?

2. What area of study in the Middle Ages had been the domain of those truths that could be found through the use of reason alone without the revelation of the Bible?

3. What term did Toland invent for the belief that God and nature were one and the same, according to the narrator in Chapter 1?

4. The narrator reveals that mathematicians pursued ________, in which the physical object was reduced to a few idealized properties that were capable of quantification.

5. According to Chapter 3, ________ was the most volatile and least substantial of all the elements; therefore, it was the chief agent of change, as witnessed by its role in combustion, fermentation, decomposition, and evaporation.

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