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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Who claimed a community of atheists could live a completely moral existence, according to Chapter 1 of the book "Science and the Enlightenment"?
(a) Kant.
(b) Varignon.
(c) L'Hopital.
(d) Pierre Bayle.

2. In Chapter 3, what was the name of the experimental tradition began in Western Europe during the Renaissance?
(a) Natural magic.
(b) Black magic.
(c) Physics.
(d) Practical magic.

3. In Chapter 2, who was the greatest analyst of the Enlightenment and created mathematical theories to predict the buckling of columns and beams?
(a) Leibniz.
(b) Newton.
(c) Bernoulli.
(d) Leonhard Euler.

4. According to the narrator in Chapter 3, who became a famous doctor and chemist and initiated the Dutch program in his oration of 1715 entitled "De comparando certo in physicis"?
(a) Musschenbroek.
(b) Boerhaave.
(c) Newton.
(d) Mariotte.

5. According to Chapter 1, who made Newton into a supreme rationalist whose laws of motion were a priori deductions of pure thought?
(a) Roberts.
(b) Maupertuis.
(c) Marquis de l'Hopital.
(d) Fontenelle.

6. Who came out in support of vis viva in 1722 and concluded that "what was before only a dispute of words now becomes a dispute about real things"?
(a) Musschenbroek.
(b) Voltaire.
(c) Galileo Galilei.
(d) 'sGravesande.

7. In Chapter 3, ________ and ________ were both led to the problem of specific heat by the discovery that a great deal of heat was required to melt ice, even though its temperature remained at the melting point.
(a) Black / Wilcke.
(b) Black / Coulomb.
(c) Wilcke / Robison.
(d) Galvani / Volta.

8. In the preface to his "Histoire" of the Paris Academy of Science, who argued in 1699 that the new "geometric spirit" could also improve works on politics, morals, literary criticism, and even public speaking?
(a) Leibniz.
(b) Fontenelle.
(c) Newton.
(d) Varignon.

9. In a letter of September 21, 1781, who wrote to his mentor Jean d'Alembert that he feared mathematics had reached its limit?
(a) Diderot.
(b) Bernard Fontenelle.
(c) Sylvestre-Francois Lacroix.
(d) Joseph-Louis Lagrange.

10. In 1769, ________, a student of Joseph Black's at Glasgow, measured the repulsion between charges with an apparatus that balanced the electrical repulsion against gravitational attraction.
(a) Volta.
(b) Charles Augustin Coulomb.
(c) John Robison.
(d) Luigi Galvani.

11. According to the narrator in Chapter 2, the only machine employed by rational mechanics was ________.
(a) The mind.
(b) The car.
(c) The body.
(d) The soul.

12. The concept of a ________ was a necessary step in the process of quantification, according to the narrator in Chapter 3.
(a) Transmission fluid.
(b) Subtle fluid.
(c) Acid fluid.
(d) Capacitor fluid.

13. What was the name of the priest of the Congregation of the Oratory, who was also a philosopher, mathematician, and member of the French Academy of Sciences?
(a) Newton.
(b) Nicolas Malebranche.
(c) Descartes.
(d) Chatelet.

14. According to the narrator in Chapter 1, what was the key to a correct method whose model was mathematics?
(a) Geometry.
(b) Nature.
(c) Reason.
(d) Nuture.

15. According to Chapter 2, for Newton, ________ consisted in "making experiments and observations and in drawing general Conclusion from them by Induction."
(a) Reason.
(b) Calculus.
(c) Religion.
(d) Analysis.

Short Answer Questions

1. Who became the ablest and most productive mathematician of the eighteenth century, according to the narrator in Chapter 2?

2. In 1729, ________, a dedicated amateur experimenter and occasional contributor to the "Philosophical Transactions" of the Royal Society, discovered that electricity could be communicated over rather long distances by contact.

3. The conversion of 'sGravesande confused the ideological debate because he was one of the leading supporters of ________ philosophy on the Continent.

4. The "Philosophical Letters" was a product of Voltaire's visit to ________ according to Chapter 2.

5. All of the following were forms of fire, according to Boerhaave and Musschenbroek, except for which one?

(see the answer keys)

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