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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In 1729, ________, a dedicated amateur experimenter and occasional contributor to the "Philosophical Transactions" of the Royal Society, discovered that electricity could be communicated over rather long distances by contact.
(a) 'sGravesande.
(b) Francis Hauksbee.
(c) Stephen Gray.
(d) Newton.

2. Who believed that the universe would run down if it were not for God's intervention to renew his creation?
(a) Eddison.
(b) Newton.
(c) Johnson.
(d) Franklin.

3. What was the name of the path by which an object slides from one point to another that is not on the same vertical line in the shortest possible time?
(a) Catenary.
(b) Involute.
(c) Tractrix.
(d) Brachistachrone.

4. In a letter of September 21, 1781, who wrote to his mentor Jean d'Alembert that he feared mathematics had reached its limit?
(a) Joseph-Louis Lagrange.
(b) Sylvestre-Francois Lacroix.
(c) Diderot.
(d) Bernard Fontenelle.

5. ________, working with the knowledge of latent heat, realized that a big difference in heat could be obtained with a small difference in temperature, if one compared water and ice.
(a) Black.
(b) Roebuck.
(c) Newton.
(d) Fordyce.

6. What category of science, at the beginning of the Enlightenment, was "the science that teaches us the reasons and causes of all the effects that Nature produces," including both living and nonliving phenomena?
(a) Chemistry.
(b) Zoology.
(c) Physics.
(d) Biology.

7. Newton had not made it clear whether the forces acting between the planets and between the parts of matter acted at a distance or through some intervening medium called a(n) ________.
(a) Ether.
(b) Fluid.
(c) Osmosis.
(d) Witness.

8. In Chapter 2, who was the greatest analyst of the Enlightenment and created mathematical theories to predict the buckling of columns and beams?
(a) Leonhard Euler.
(b) Leibniz.
(c) Bernoulli.
(d) Newton.

9. Who claimed a community of atheists could live a completely moral existence, according to Chapter 1 of the book "Science and the Enlightenment"?
(a) L'Hopital.
(b) Pierre Bayle.
(c) Kant.
(d) Varignon.

10. All of the following English philosophers had shown convincingly that knowledge about the physical world could not be obtained from first principles without resort to experiment except for whom?
(a) Locke.
(b) Boyle.
(c) Bacon.
(d) Newton.

11. In Chapter 3, ________ and ________ were both led to the problem of specific heat by the discovery that a great deal of heat was required to melt ice, even though its temperature remained at the melting point.
(a) Galvani / Volta.
(b) Black / Wilcke.
(c) Black / Coulomb.
(d) Wilcke / Robison.

12. Chapter 1 states that in 1700, ________ first talked about an "almost complete revolution in geometry" that had begun with the analytic geometry of Descartes.
(a) Leibniz.
(b) Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle.
(c) D'Alembert.
(d) Cartesians.

13. What area of study in the Middle Ages had been the domain of those truths that could be found through the use of reason alone without the revelation of the Bible?
(a) Mied mathematics.
(b) Natural theology.
(c) Physiology.
(d) Psychology.

14. The conversion of 'sGravesande confused the ideological debate because he was one of the leading supporters of ________ philosophy on the Continent.
(a) Platoian.
(b) Voltairian.
(c) Aristotlian.
(d) Newtonian.

15. Who became the ablest and most productive mathematician of the eighteenth century, according to the narrator in Chapter 2?
(a) Euler.
(b) Bernoulli.
(c) Lagrange.
(d) Newton.

Short Answer Questions

1. According to the narrator in Chapter 1, what was the key to a correct method whose model was mathematics?

2. Who came out in support of vis viva in 1722 and concluded that "what was before only a dispute of words now becomes a dispute about real things"?

3. Madame du Chatelet supported the Leibnizian theory of ________ because it gave a better account of free will.

4. Who made the first extensive series of investigations of electricity in his book "De Magnete," according to Chapter 3?

5. According to the narrator in Chapter 3, who became a famous doctor and chemist and initiated the Dutch program in his oration of 1715 entitled "De comparando certo in physicis"?

(see the answer keys)

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