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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. According to Chapter 1, ________, in 1747, attributed the cause of a "great revolution in physics" to Newton's "Principia."
(a) Malebranche.
(b) Alexis-Claude Clairaut.
(c) Descartes.
(d) Maupertuis.

2. Who believed that the universe would run down if it were not for God's intervention to renew his creation?
(a) Newton.
(b) Eddison.
(c) Johnson.
(d) Franklin.

3. Who became the leading literary figure of the Enlightenment and in 1734 published "Philosophical Letters"?
(a) Breteuil.
(b) Newton.
(c) Voltaire.
(d) Chatelet.

4. According to Chapter 3, ________ was the most volatile and least substantial of all the elements; therefore, it was the chief agent of change, as witnessed by its role in combustion, fermentation, decomposition, and evaporation.
(a) Air.
(b) Water.
(c) Fire.
(d) Wind.

5. All of the following philosophers at the University of Leiden followed Newton's lead in organizing experiments except for whom?
(a) Locke.
(b) 'sGravesande.
(c) Musschenbroek.
(d) Boerhaave.

6. The names "biology" and "sociology" were names and fields that were created in what century, according to the narrator in Chapter 1?
(a) 19th.
(b) 18th.
(c) 15th.
(d) 17th.

7. By what name did natural philosophers want to be known as, according to the narrator in Chapter 1?
(a) Masters.
(b) Professors.
(c) Men of Letters.
(d) Men of Honor.

8. Who was the extraordinary philosopher whose life and career exemplified many aspects of the Enlightenment, although he was not especially prominent as a natural philosopher nor was he the main protagonist in the vis viva controversy?
(a) Voltaire.
(b) Gabrielle de Breteuil.
(c) Bernoulli.
(d) Chatelet.

9. In Chapter 3, ________ and ________ were both led to the problem of specific heat by the discovery that a great deal of heat was required to melt ice, even though its temperature remained at the melting point.
(a) Black / Wilcke.
(b) Wilcke / Robison.
(c) Black / Coulomb.
(d) Galvani / Volta.

10. In Chapter 1, who claimed that his "principle of least action" proved the existence of God?
(a) Pierre-Louis-Moreau de Maupertuis.
(b) Malebranche.
(c) Newton.
(d) Leibniz.

11. Symmer's socks suggested the presence of ________ electrical fluids, according to the narrator in Chapter 3.
(a) 4.
(b) 2.
(c) 6.
(d) 8.

12. The conversion of 'sGravesande confused the ideological debate because he was one of the leading supporters of ________ philosophy on the Continent.
(a) Voltairian.
(b) Aristotlian.
(c) Newtonian.
(d) Platoian.

13. What area of study in the Middle Ages had been the domain of those truths that could be found through the use of reason alone without the revelation of the Bible?
(a) Mied mathematics.
(b) Psychology.
(c) Natural theology.
(d) Physiology.

14. Who coined the expression "Scientific Revolution," according to the narrator in Chapter 1?
(a) Jean Lerond d'Alembert.
(b) Descartes.
(c) Newton.
(d) Malebranche.

15. The ________, who had been leaders in experimental physics during the seventeenth century, continued to hold a prominent place until their order was suppressed in 1773.
(a) Christians.
(b) Jesuits.
(c) Buddist.
(d) Jewish.

Short Answer Questions

1. In 1769, ________, a student of Joseph Black's at Glasgow, measured the repulsion between charges with an apparatus that balanced the electrical repulsion against gravitational attraction.

2. ________ in Italy and ________ in Holland did experiments in which they measured the impact of a falling ball by dropping in onto clay.

3. According to the beginning of Chapter 1, in 1759 the French mathematician ________ described a revolution that he saw taking place in natural philosophy.

4. What was the name of the problem of finding the shape of a surface of maximum area for a perimeter of given length as found in Chapter 2?

5. Chapter 1 states that the "geometric spirit" noted by ________ ensured that the same progress would occur in our knowledge about nature.

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