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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Who stated in 1665 that "Analysis...seems to belong no more to Mathematics than to Physics, Ethics or any other Science"?
(a) Aristotle.
(b) Isaac Barrow.
(c) Euclid.
(d) Condillac.

2. Contemporary chemistry recognized only one element in the gaseous state, and that was the element _______.
(a) Earth.
(b) Water.
(c) Air.
(d) Fire.

3. In 1729, ________, a dedicated amateur experimenter and occasional contributor to the "Philosophical Transactions" of the Royal Society, discovered that electricity could be communicated over rather long distances by contact.
(a) Francis Hauksbee.
(b) 'sGravesande.
(c) Newton.
(d) Stephen Gray.

4. Madame du Chatelet supported the Leibnizian theory of ________ because it gave a better account of free will.
(a) Physics.
(b) Religion.
(c) Mechanics.
(d) Christianity.

5. The discipline of physics had originally been created by ________, and it had nothing to do with experiment or quantitative measure nor was it limited to the inorganic world.
(a) Aristotle.
(b) Boerhaave.
(c) Plato.
(d) Newton.

6. Descartes's "quantity of motion" is equivalent to our modern principle of the conservation of ________.
(a) Impression.
(b) Formalism.
(c) Momentum.
(d) Hermeneutics.

7. The ________, who had been leaders in experimental physics during the seventeenth century, continued to hold a prominent place until their order was suppressed in 1773.
(a) Christians.
(b) Buddist.
(c) Jesuits.
(d) Jewish.

8. Who was the extraordinary philosopher whose life and career exemplified many aspects of the Enlightenment, although he was not especially prominent as a natural philosopher nor was he the main protagonist in the vis viva controversy?
(a) Bernoulli.
(b) Voltaire.
(c) Chatelet.
(d) Gabrielle de Breteuil.

9. In Chapter 3, who noticed that when he pulled off his silk socks in the evening, "they frequently made a crackling or snapping noise" and emitted "sparks of fire"?
(a) William Gilbert.
(b) Martinus van Marum.
(c) John Cuthbertson.
(d) Robert Symmer.

10. The conversion of 'sGravesande confused the ideological debate because he was one of the leading supporters of ________ philosophy on the Continent.
(a) Aristotlian.
(b) Newtonian.
(c) Platoian.
(d) Voltairian.

11. In Chapter 2, what was the name of the shape of a chain suspended between two fixed points?
(a) Isoperimeters.
(b) Catenary.
(c) Involute.
(d) Tractrix.

12. ________, working with the knowledge of latent heat, realized that a big difference in heat could be obtained with a small difference in temperature, if one compared water and ice.
(a) Roebuck.
(b) Fordyce.
(c) Newton.
(d) Black.

13. In 1769, ________, a student of Joseph Black's at Glasgow, measured the repulsion between charges with an apparatus that balanced the electrical repulsion against gravitational attraction.
(a) Luigi Galvani.
(b) John Robison.
(c) Volta.
(d) Charles Augustin Coulomb.

14. According to Chapter 1, the noble Houyhnhnm in Jonathan Swift's ________ "thought Nature and Reason were sufficient guides for a reasonable animal, as we pretended to be, in showing us what we ought to do, and what to avoid."
(a) Gulliver's Travels.
(b) The Day of Judgement.
(c) Twelve Articles.
(d) A Modest Proposal.

15. Newton had not made it clear whether the forces acting between the planets and between the parts of matter acted at a distance or through some intervening medium called a(n) ________.
(a) Fluid.
(b) Witness.
(c) Ether.
(d) Osmosis.

Short Answer Questions

1. Chapter 2 states that ________ had been created to deal with the problem of motion and that the new mathematical techniques discovered in the eighteenth century were all responses to the challenges of mechanics.

2. According to Chapter 3, ________ was the most volatile and least substantial of all the elements; therefore, it was the chief agent of change, as witnessed by its role in combustion, fermentation, decomposition, and evaporation.

3. In Chapter 2, what was the name of the path of a body that is dragged over a resisting horizontal surface by a cord of which one end moves along a straight line found?

4. What was the name of the philosopher who could enthusiastically claim that "the works of Nature everywhere sufficiently evidence a Diety"?

5. Throughout the Enlightenment, reason was usually extolled in the same breath with ________, the other key word of the Enlightenment.

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