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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In Chapter 3, whose book described demonstration experiments and gave detailed instructions for making and using the apparatus, but unlike the Dutch physicists, he attempted to create a single rational systematic philosophy, after the model of Leibniz?
(a) Chatelet.
(b) 'sGravesande.
(c) Wolff.
(d) Desaguliers.

2. Some of the "cabinet de physique" became very large, the most famous being the collection of the ________ in Haarlem.
(a) Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
(b) Teyler Foundation.
(c) Ford Foundation.
(d) Rockefeller Foundation.

3. Who came out in support of vis viva in 1722 and concluded that "what was before only a dispute of words now becomes a dispute about real things"?
(a) Musschenbroek.
(b) Galileo Galilei.
(c) Voltaire.
(d) 'sGravesande.

4. In 1769, ________, a student of Joseph Black's at Glasgow, measured the repulsion between charges with an apparatus that balanced the electrical repulsion against gravitational attraction.
(a) John Robison.
(b) Charles Augustin Coulomb.
(c) Volta.
(d) Luigi Galvani.

5. The narrator explains in Chapter 3 that ________ and ________ were the best examples of subtle fluids.
(a) Water / air.
(b) Heat / air.
(c) Electricity / heat.
(d) Electricity / water.

6. Newton had not made it clear whether the forces acting between the planets and between the parts of matter acted at a distance or through some intervening medium called a(n) ________.
(a) Witness.
(b) Ether.
(c) Fluid.
(d) Osmosis.

7. Who stated in 1665 that "Analysis...seems to belong no more to Mathematics than to Physics, Ethics or any other Science"?
(a) Condillac.
(b) Aristotle.
(c) Isaac Barrow.
(d) Euclid.

8. In a letter of September 21, 1781, who wrote to his mentor Jean d'Alembert that he feared mathematics had reached its limit?
(a) Bernard Fontenelle.
(b) Joseph-Louis Lagrange.
(c) Diderot.
(d) Sylvestre-Francois Lacroix.

9. All of the following were forms of fire, according to Boerhaave and Musschenbroek, except for which one?
(a) Wood.
(b) Electricity.
(c) Light.
(d) Heat.

10. According to Chapter 2, for Newton, ________ consisted in "making experiments and observations and in drawing general Conclusion from them by Induction."
(a) Religion.
(b) Calculus.
(c) Reason.
(d) Analysis.

11. The names "biology" and "sociology" were names and fields that were created in what century, according to the narrator in Chapter 1?
(a) 18th.
(b) 17th.
(c) 15th.
(d) 19th.

12. The concept of a ________ was a necessary step in the process of quantification, according to the narrator in Chapter 3.
(a) Capacitor fluid.
(b) Acid fluid.
(c) Transmission fluid.
(d) Subtle fluid.

13. Symmer's socks suggested the presence of ________ electrical fluids, according to the narrator in Chapter 3.
(a) 2.
(b) 4.
(c) 6.
(d) 8.

14. The conversion of 'sGravesande confused the ideological debate because he was one of the leading supporters of ________ philosophy on the Continent.
(a) Newtonian.
(b) Voltairian.
(c) Platoian.
(d) Aristotlian.

15. In Chapter 3, ________ and ________ were both led to the problem of specific heat by the discovery that a great deal of heat was required to melt ice, even though its temperature remained at the melting point.
(a) Galvani / Volta.
(b) Black / Wilcke.
(c) Black / Coulomb.
(d) Wilcke / Robison.

Short Answer Questions

1. Vis viva was thought by its creator ________ to be the dynamic quantity that was conserved in the universe, according to the narrator in Chapter 2.

2. In Chapter 2, what was the name of the shape of a chain suspended between two fixed points?

3. What was the name of the curve traced by the end of a string as it is unwrapped from another curve found in Chapter 2?

4. Who coined the expression "Scientific Revolution," according to the narrator in Chapter 1?

5. Who was the extraordinary philosopher whose life and career exemplified many aspects of the Enlightenment, although he was not especially prominent as a natural philosopher nor was he the main protagonist in the vis viva controversy?

(see the answer keys)

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