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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The concept of a ________ was a necessary step in the process of quantification, according to the narrator in Chapter 3.
(a) Transmission fluid.
(b) Capacitor fluid.
(c) Acid fluid.
(d) Subtle fluid.

2. What term did Toland invent for the belief that God and nature were one and the same, according to the narrator in Chapter 1?
(a) Academism.
(b) Pantheism.
(c) Mechanism.
(d) Deism.

3. In Chapter 2, who was the greatest analyst of the Enlightenment and created mathematical theories to predict the buckling of columns and beams?
(a) Bernoulli.
(b) Leonhard Euler.
(c) Leibniz.
(d) Newton.

4. The concept of subtle fluids made its appearance around ________ when demonstration experiments in physics were rapidly gaining in popularity, according to the narrator in Chapter 3.
(a) 1770.
(b) 1800.
(c) 1853.
(d) 1740.

5. According to Chapter 1, who made Newton into a supreme rationalist whose laws of motion were a priori deductions of pure thought?
(a) Maupertuis.
(b) Marquis de l'Hopital.
(c) Roberts.
(d) Fontenelle.

6. What was the name of the problem of finding the shape of a surface of maximum area for a perimeter of given length as found in Chapter 2?
(a) Involute.
(b) Brachistachrone.
(c) Cycloid.
(d) Isoperimeters.

7. In 1769, ________, a student of Joseph Black's at Glasgow, measured the repulsion between charges with an apparatus that balanced the electrical repulsion against gravitational attraction.
(a) Volta.
(b) John Robison.
(c) Luigi Galvani.
(d) Charles Augustin Coulomb.

8. In Chapter 2, what was the name of the shape of a chain suspended between two fixed points?
(a) Tractrix.
(b) Involute.
(c) Isoperimeters.
(d) Catenary.

9. What was the name of the path by which an object slides from one point to another that is not on the same vertical line in the shortest possible time?
(a) Brachistachrone.
(b) Catenary.
(c) Tractrix.
(d) Involute.

10. In Chapter 3, who noticed that when he pulled off his silk socks in the evening, "they frequently made a crackling or snapping noise" and emitted "sparks of fire"?
(a) John Cuthbertson.
(b) Martinus van Marum.
(c) William Gilbert.
(d) Robert Symmer.

11. Chapter 1 states that the "geometric spirit" noted by ________ ensured that the same progress would occur in our knowledge about nature.
(a) Locke.
(b) Fontenelle.
(c) Boyle.
(d) Newton.

12. Who was the extraordinary philosopher whose life and career exemplified many aspects of the Enlightenment, although he was not especially prominent as a natural philosopher nor was he the main protagonist in the vis viva controversy?
(a) Chatelet.
(b) Bernoulli.
(c) Voltaire.
(d) Gabrielle de Breteuil.

13. From ________'s law of falling bodies, it was known that the heights would be proportional to the squares of the velocities at impact.
(a) Galileo.
(b) Poleni.
(c) Voltaire.
(d) Descartes.

14. ________, working with the knowledge of latent heat, realized that a big difference in heat could be obtained with a small difference in temperature, if one compared water and ice.
(a) Fordyce.
(b) Newton.
(c) Black.
(d) Roebuck.

15. Who had written a preface to the second edition of the "Principia," supposedly with Newton's blessing, that described gravity as a force acting at a distance without any intervening medium?
(a) Henry Oldenburg.
(b) Roger Cortes.
(c) James Butler.
(d) Robert Boyle.

Short Answer Questions

1. ________ in Italy and ________ in Holland did experiments in which they measured the impact of a falling ball by dropping in onto clay.

2. In Chapter 1, who claimed that his "principle of least action" proved the existence of God?

3. Who stated in 1665 that "Analysis...seems to belong no more to Mathematics than to Physics, Ethics or any other Science"?

4. What was the name of the revolution that was a cultural event associated with Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, Rene Descartes, and Isaac Newton?

5. Who came out in support of vis viva in 1722 and concluded that "what was before only a dispute of words now becomes a dispute about real things"?

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