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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. According to the narrator in Chapter 3, who became a famous doctor and chemist and initiated the Dutch program in his oration of 1715 entitled "De comparando certo in physicis"?
(a) Newton.
(b) Mariotte.
(c) Boerhaave.
(d) Musschenbroek.

2. In Chapter 2, what was the name of the path of a body that is dragged over a resisting horizontal surface by a cord of which one end moves along a straight line found?
(a) Brachistachrone.
(b) Tractrix.
(c) Isoperimeters.
(d) Cycloid.

3. Symmer's socks suggested the presence of ________ electrical fluids, according to the narrator in Chapter 3.
(a) 6.
(b) 2.
(c) 8.
(d) 4.

4. The eighteenth century was called by the French the ________ because of its emphasis on reason as a path to knowledge.
(a) Century of reason.
(b) Century of life.
(c) Century of science.
(d) Century of light.

5. ________'s emphasis on the repulsive or expansive property of air, led naturally to an emphasis on the expansive properties of the even more subtle fluids of heat and electricity.
(a) Aristotle.
(b) Musschenbroek.
(c) Hales.
(d) Boerhaave.

6. Who had written a preface to the second edition of the "Principia," supposedly with Newton's blessing, that described gravity as a force acting at a distance without any intervening medium?
(a) Henry Oldenburg.
(b) Roger Cortes.
(c) Robert Boyle.
(d) James Butler.

7. In Chapter 3, what was the name of the experimental tradition began in Western Europe during the Renaissance?
(a) Black magic.
(b) Physics.
(c) Natural magic.
(d) Practical magic.

8. What category of science, at the beginning of the Enlightenment, was "the science that teaches us the reasons and causes of all the effects that Nature produces," including both living and nonliving phenomena?
(a) Chemistry.
(b) Biology.
(c) Physics.
(d) Zoology.

9. Who became the ablest and most productive mathematician of the eighteenth century, according to the narrator in Chapter 2?
(a) Lagrange.
(b) Newton.
(c) Bernoulli.
(d) Euler.

10. What area of science included astronomy, optics, statics, hydraulics, gnomonics, geography, horology, navigation, surveying, and fortification?
(a) Mixed mathematics.
(b) Geology.
(c) Botany.
(d) Meteorology.

11. Who was France's greatest hero of the Enlightenment partly because he was from England, the source of free thought and liberty and partly because he had solved the riddle of the planets, showing that their motions obeyed the same laws as motions on earth?
(a) Boyle.
(b) Newton.
(c) Swift.
(d) Fontenelle.

12. Throughout the Enlightenment, reason was usually extolled in the same breath with ________, the other key word of the Enlightenment.
(a) Nuture.
(b) Nature.
(c) Science.
(d) Religion.

13. In the early years of the Enlightenment, the strongest support on the Continent for Newton's philosophy came from ________.
(a) Italy.
(b) Holland.
(c) America.
(d) Germany.

14. In the preface to his "Histoire" of the Paris Academy of Science, who argued in 1699 that the new "geometric spirit" could also improve works on politics, morals, literary criticism, and even public speaking?
(a) Varignon.
(b) Newton.
(c) Leibniz.
(d) Fontenelle.

15. According to Chapter 2, for Newton, ________ consisted in "making experiments and observations and in drawing general Conclusion from them by Induction."
(a) Analysis.
(b) Calculus.
(c) Reason.
(d) Religion.

Short Answer Questions

1. What was the name of the philosopher who had a passion for humanity, a desire to "do good," and a penchant for reform, according to Chapter 1?

2. What term did Toland invent for the belief that God and nature were one and the same, according to the narrator in Chapter 1?

3. Who coined the expression "Scientific Revolution," according to the narrator in Chapter 1?

4. Who believed that the universe would run down if it were not for God's intervention to renew his creation?

5. Who was the extraordinary philosopher whose life and career exemplified many aspects of the Enlightenment, although he was not especially prominent as a natural philosopher nor was he the main protagonist in the vis viva controversy?

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