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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The narrator reveals that mathematicians pursued ________, in which the physical object was reduced to a few idealized properties that were capable of quantification.
(a) Rational mechanics.
(b) Analysis.
(c) Synthesis.
(d) Psychology.

2. ________'s emphasis on the repulsive or expansive property of air, led naturally to an emphasis on the expansive properties of the even more subtle fluids of heat and electricity.
(a) Hales.
(b) Musschenbroek.
(c) Boerhaave.
(d) Aristotle.

3. In Chapter 3, who proposed a single static electrical "atmosphere" that attracted and repelled by pressure rather than by the impact of an electrical wind?
(a) Newton.
(b) Desagulier.
(c) Franklin.
(d) Musschenbroek.

4. ________ in Italy and ________ in Holland did experiments in which they measured the impact of a falling ball by dropping in onto clay.
(a) 'sGravesande / Descartes.
(b) Giovanni Poleni / 'sGravesande.
(c) Voltaire / d'Alembert.
(d) Newton / Aristotle.

5. What was the name of the philosopher who could enthusiastically claim that "the works of Nature everywhere sufficiently evidence a Diety"?
(a) Kant.
(b) Aristotle.
(c) John Locke.
(d) D' Alembert.

6. In the hands of ________, history led not to an understanding of God's will but rather to an understanding of human nature.
(a) D'Alembert.
(b) David Hume.
(c) Boyle.
(d) Kant.

7. The names "biology" and "sociology" were names and fields that were created in what century, according to the narrator in Chapter 1?
(a) 19th.
(b) 15th.
(c) 17th.
(d) 18th.

8. Of all the subtle fluids conceived of during the Enlightenment, the ________ was the one that caused the most excitement and attracted the most researchers.
(a) Electrical fire.
(b) Natural fire.
(c) Water.
(d) Air.

9. Who argued in the "Preliminary discourse" to the "Encyclopedie" that mathematics was basic to all of physics, according to the narrator in Chapter 3?
(a) Bacon.
(b) Boerhaave.
(c) Jean d'Alembert.
(d) Locke.

10. Who became the leading literary figure of the Enlightenment and in 1734 published "Philosophical Letters"?
(a) Chatelet.
(b) Newton.
(c) Voltaire.
(d) Breteuil.

11. The eighteenth century was called by the French the ________ because of its emphasis on reason as a path to knowledge.
(a) Century of light.
(b) Century of reason.
(c) Century of life.
(d) Century of science.

12. The ________, who had been leaders in experimental physics during the seventeenth century, continued to hold a prominent place until their order was suppressed in 1773.
(a) Christians.
(b) Jesuits.
(c) Buddist.
(d) Jewish.

13. According to the beginning of Chapter 1, in 1759 the French mathematician ________ described a revolution that he saw taking place in natural philosophy.
(a) Newton.
(b) Euler.
(c) Carnot.
(d) Jean Lerond d'Alembert.

14. According to the narrator in Chapter 1, who was one of the originators of the mechanical philosophy who believed there were no forces or powers in matter?
(a) Descartes.
(b) Bernoulli.
(c) Carnot.
(d) Leibniz.

15. All of the following were forms of fire, according to Boerhaave and Musschenbroek, except for which one?
(a) Wood.
(b) Heat.
(c) Electricity.
(d) Light.

Short Answer Questions

1. In Chapter 1, who claimed that his "principle of least action" proved the existence of God?

2. The concept of subtle fluids made its appearance around ________ when demonstration experiments in physics were rapidly gaining in popularity, according to the narrator in Chapter 3.

3. Who claimed a community of atheists could live a completely moral existence, according to Chapter 1 of the book "Science and the Enlightenment"?

4. Throughout the Enlightenment, reason was usually extolled in the same breath with ________, the other key word of the Enlightenment.

5. In 1729, ________, a dedicated amateur experimenter and occasional contributor to the "Philosophical Transactions" of the Royal Society, discovered that electricity could be communicated over rather long distances by contact.

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