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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Symmer's socks suggested the presence of ________ electrical fluids, according to the narrator in Chapter 3.
(a) 6.
(b) 4.
(c) 2.
(d) 8.

2. What was the name of the revolution that was a cultural event associated with Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, Rene Descartes, and Isaac Newton?
(a) Enlightenment Revolution.
(b) American Revolution.
(c) French Revolution.
(d) Scientific Revolution.

3. All of the following English philosophers had shown convincingly that knowledge about the physical world could not be obtained from first principles without resort to experiment except for whom?
(a) Boyle.
(b) Locke.
(c) Newton.
(d) Bacon.

4. Who made the first extensive series of investigations of electricity in his book "De Magnete," according to Chapter 3?
(a) William Gilbert.
(b) John Cuthbertson.
(c) Abbe Nollet.
(d) Robert Symmer.

5. According to Chapter 1, the noble Houyhnhnm in Jonathan Swift's ________ "thought Nature and Reason were sufficient guides for a reasonable animal, as we pretended to be, in showing us what we ought to do, and what to avoid."
(a) The Day of Judgement.
(b) Gulliver's Travels.
(c) A Modest Proposal.
(d) Twelve Articles.

6. According to Chapter 2, for Newton, ________ consisted in "making experiments and observations and in drawing general Conclusion from them by Induction."
(a) Reason.
(b) Analysis.
(c) Religion.
(d) Calculus.

7. What was the name of the philosopher who could enthusiastically claim that "the works of Nature everywhere sufficiently evidence a Diety"?
(a) Aristotle.
(b) John Locke.
(c) Kant.
(d) D' Alembert.

8. Who believed that the universe would run down if it were not for God's intervention to renew his creation?
(a) Newton.
(b) Eddison.
(c) Franklin.
(d) Johnson.

9. Of all the subtle fluids conceived of during the Enlightenment, the ________ was the one that caused the most excitement and attracted the most researchers.
(a) Air.
(b) Electrical fire.
(c) Water.
(d) Natural fire.

10. Madame du Chatelet supported the Leibnizian theory of ________ because it gave a better account of free will.
(a) Physics.
(b) Religion.
(c) Mechanics.
(d) Christianity.

11. In 1819, who gave a clue to the source of this pessimism when he wrote that "the power of our analysis is practically exhausted"?
(a) Diderot.
(b) Sylvestre-Francois Lacroix.
(c) Joseph-Louis Lagrange.
(d) Isaac Barrow.

12. Chapter 1 states that in 1700, ________ first talked about an "almost complete revolution in geometry" that had begun with the analytic geometry of Descartes.
(a) Cartesians.
(b) Leibniz.
(c) D'Alembert.
(d) Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle.

13. In the preface to his "Histoire" of the Paris Academy of Science, who argued in 1699 that the new "geometric spirit" could also improve works on politics, morals, literary criticism, and even public speaking?
(a) Leibniz.
(b) Newton.
(c) Fontenelle.
(d) Varignon.

14. In a letter of September 21, 1781, who wrote to his mentor Jean d'Alembert that he feared mathematics had reached its limit?
(a) Diderot.
(b) Joseph-Louis Lagrange.
(c) Bernard Fontenelle.
(d) Sylvestre-Francois Lacroix.

15. The discipline of physics had originally been created by ________, and it had nothing to do with experiment or quantitative measure nor was it limited to the inorganic world.
(a) Newton.
(b) Boerhaave.
(c) Aristotle.
(d) Plato.

Short Answer Questions

1. According to the narrator in Chapter 3, Abbe Nollet, who became the most prominent ________ during the Enlightenment, explained the two electricities as opposing currents of the electrical fluid emerging in jets from the electrified body.

2. The concept of subtle fluids made its appearance around ________ when demonstration experiments in physics were rapidly gaining in popularity, according to the narrator in Chapter 3.

3. In Chapter 2, who was the greatest analyst of the Enlightenment and created mathematical theories to predict the buckling of columns and beams?

4. All of the following philosophers at the University of Leiden followed Newton's lead in organizing experiments except for whom?

5. The narrator reveals that mathematicians pursued ________, in which the physical object was reduced to a few idealized properties that were capable of quantification.

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