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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In Chapter 3, ________ and ________ were both led to the problem of specific heat by the discovery that a great deal of heat was required to melt ice, even though its temperature remained at the melting point.
(a) Wilcke / Robison.
(b) Galvani / Volta.
(c) Black / Wilcke.
(d) Black / Coulomb.

2. According to the narrator in Chapter 2, the only machine employed by rational mechanics was ________.
(a) The body.
(b) The soul.
(c) The mind.
(d) The car.

3. All of the following were forms of fire, according to Boerhaave and Musschenbroek, except for which one?
(a) Wood.
(b) Electricity.
(c) Light.
(d) Heat.

4. Vis viva was thought by its creator ________ to be the dynamic quantity that was conserved in the universe, according to the narrator in Chapter 2.
(a) Leibniz.
(b) Euler.
(c) 'sGravesande.
(d) Descartes.

5. Who believed that the universe would run down if it were not for God's intervention to renew his creation?
(a) Johnson.
(b) Eddison.
(c) Newton.
(d) Franklin.

6. In 1688, Fontenelle wrote a treatise on the nature of the eclogue or ________.
(a) Sonnet.
(b) Pastoral poem.
(c) Limerick.
(d) Haiku.

7. In the preface to his "Histoire" of the Paris Academy of Science, who argued in 1699 that the new "geometric spirit" could also improve works on politics, morals, literary criticism, and even public speaking?
(a) Fontenelle.
(b) Varignon.
(c) Newton.
(d) Leibniz.

8. Chapter 2 states that ________ had been created to deal with the problem of motion and that the new mathematical techniques discovered in the eighteenth century were all responses to the challenges of mechanics.
(a) Calculus.
(b) Geometry.
(c) Statistics.
(d) Arithmetic.

9. According to the narrator in Chapter 1, what was the key to a correct method whose model was mathematics?
(a) Nature.
(b) Nuture.
(c) Reason.
(d) Geometry.

10. Symmer's socks suggested the presence of ________ electrical fluids, according to the narrator in Chapter 3.
(a) 2.
(b) 8.
(c) 4.
(d) 6.

11. The concept of subtle fluids made its appearance around ________ when demonstration experiments in physics were rapidly gaining in popularity, according to the narrator in Chapter 3.
(a) 1770.
(b) 1853.
(c) 1740.
(d) 1800.

12. What term did Toland invent for the belief that God and nature were one and the same, according to the narrator in Chapter 1?
(a) Deism.
(b) Mechanism.
(c) Academism.
(d) Pantheism.

13. In 1769, ________, a student of Joseph Black's at Glasgow, measured the repulsion between charges with an apparatus that balanced the electrical repulsion against gravitational attraction.
(a) Luigi Galvani.
(b) John Robison.
(c) Volta.
(d) Charles Augustin Coulomb.

14. In Chapter 3, who noticed that when he pulled off his silk socks in the evening, "they frequently made a crackling or snapping noise" and emitted "sparks of fire"?
(a) William Gilbert.
(b) Robert Symmer.
(c) John Cuthbertson.
(d) Martinus van Marum.

15. The narrator reveals that vis viva was a measure of ________ to conserve his creation while "action" was a measure of his efficiency.
(a) Man's passion.
(b) Man's desire.
(c) God's demeanor.
(d) God's desire.

Short Answer Questions

1. According to Chapter 1, who made Newton into a supreme rationalist whose laws of motion were a priori deductions of pure thought?

2. Who was the extraordinary philosopher whose life and career exemplified many aspects of the Enlightenment, although he was not especially prominent as a natural philosopher nor was he the main protagonist in the vis viva controversy?

3. What was the name of the philosopher who carried out the following experiments: kite, electric spider, and lightning bells to study electricity?

4. Some of the "cabinet de physique" became very large, the most famous being the collection of the ________ in Haarlem.

5. Who stated in the introduction to their book that, "There are no figures in this book. The methods that I demonstrate here require neither constructions, nor geometrical or mechanical reasoning, but only algebraic operations, subject to a regular and uniform development"?

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