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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Chapter 1 states that the "geometric spirit" noted by ________ ensured that the same progress would occur in our knowledge about nature.
(a) Fontenelle.
(b) Locke.
(c) Newton.
(d) Boyle.

2. Who made the first extensive series of investigations of electricity in his book "De Magnete," according to Chapter 3?
(a) Robert Symmer.
(b) John Cuthbertson.
(c) William Gilbert.
(d) Abbe Nollet.

3. What was the name of the philosopher who was the leading scientific experimenter in seventeenth-century England, who had agreed that he had never seen any "inanimate production of nature, or of chance, whose contrivance was comparable to that of the meanest limb of the despicabilist animal"?
(a) Swift.
(b) Robert Boyle.
(c) Locke.
(d) Galileo.

4. In the hands of ________, history led not to an understanding of God's will but rather to an understanding of human nature.
(a) Boyle.
(b) D'Alembert.
(c) David Hume.
(d) Kant.

5. Vis viva was thought by its creator ________ to be the dynamic quantity that was conserved in the universe, according to the narrator in Chapter 2.
(a) Descartes.
(b) Leibniz.
(c) Euler.
(d) 'sGravesande.

6. According to the narrator in Chapter 1, what was the key to a correct method whose model was mathematics?
(a) Reason.
(b) Geometry.
(c) Nuture.
(d) Nature.

7. ________'s emphasis on the repulsive or expansive property of air, led naturally to an emphasis on the expansive properties of the even more subtle fluids of heat and electricity.
(a) Hales.
(b) Boerhaave.
(c) Aristotle.
(d) Musschenbroek.

8. The narrator explains in Chapter 3 that ________ and ________ were the best examples of subtle fluids.
(a) Water / air.
(b) Heat / air.
(c) Electricity / water.
(d) Electricity / heat.

9. In Chapter 3, ________ and ________ were both led to the problem of specific heat by the discovery that a great deal of heat was required to melt ice, even though its temperature remained at the melting point.
(a) Wilcke / Robison.
(b) Black / Coulomb.
(c) Black / Wilcke.
(d) Galvani / Volta.

10. In the preface to his "Histoire" of the Paris Academy of Science, who argued in 1699 that the new "geometric spirit" could also improve works on politics, morals, literary criticism, and even public speaking?
(a) Newton.
(b) Fontenelle.
(c) Varignon.
(d) Leibniz.

11. What term did Toland invent for the belief that God and nature were one and the same, according to the narrator in Chapter 1?
(a) Mechanism.
(b) Pantheism.
(c) Academism.
(d) Deism.

12. In Chapter 2, what was the name of the shape of a chain suspended between two fixed points?
(a) Isoperimeters.
(b) Tractrix.
(c) Catenary.
(d) Involute.

13. In Chapter 3, what was the name of the experimental tradition began in Western Europe during the Renaissance?
(a) Black magic.
(b) Natural magic.
(c) Physics.
(d) Practical magic.

14. According to the narrator in Chapter 1, who was one of the originators of the mechanical philosophy who believed there were no forces or powers in matter?
(a) Descartes.
(b) Leibniz.
(c) Bernoulli.
(d) Carnot.

15. What area of study in the Middle Ages had been the domain of those truths that could be found through the use of reason alone without the revelation of the Bible?
(a) Mied mathematics.
(b) Physiology.
(c) Psychology.
(d) Natural theology.

Short Answer Questions

1. The names "biology" and "sociology" were names and fields that were created in what century, according to the narrator in Chapter 1?

2. In Chapter 1, who claimed that his "principle of least action" proved the existence of God?

3. What area of science included astronomy, optics, statics, hydraulics, gnomonics, geography, horology, navigation, surveying, and fortification?

4. In Chapter 2, who was the greatest analyst of the Enlightenment and created mathematical theories to predict the buckling of columns and beams?

5. According to the narrator in Chapter 3, Abbe Nollet, who became the most prominent ________ during the Enlightenment, explained the two electricities as opposing currents of the electrical fluid emerging in jets from the electrified body.

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