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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. According to the narrator in Chapter 3, Abbe Nollet, who became the most prominent ________ during the Enlightenment, explained the two electricities as opposing currents of the electrical fluid emerging in jets from the electrified body.
(a) French electrician.
(b) German psychologist.
(c) Polish priest.
(d) American plumber.

2. In the early years of the Enlightenment, the strongest support on the Continent for Newton's philosophy came from ________.
(a) Holland.
(b) Germany.
(c) America.
(d) Italy.

3. In Chapter 2, who was the greatest analyst of the Enlightenment and created mathematical theories to predict the buckling of columns and beams?
(a) Newton.
(b) Leonhard Euler.
(c) Leibniz.
(d) Bernoulli.

4. According to Chapter 1, the noble Houyhnhnm in Jonathan Swift's ________ "thought Nature and Reason were sufficient guides for a reasonable animal, as we pretended to be, in showing us what we ought to do, and what to avoid."
(a) The Day of Judgement.
(b) A Modest Proposal.
(c) Twelve Articles.
(d) Gulliver's Travels.

5. According to Chapter 3, ________ was the most volatile and least substantial of all the elements; therefore, it was the chief agent of change, as witnessed by its role in combustion, fermentation, decomposition, and evaporation.
(a) Fire.
(b) Water.
(c) Air.
(d) Wind.

6. The names "biology" and "sociology" were names and fields that were created in what century, according to the narrator in Chapter 1?
(a) 17th.
(b) 18th.
(c) 19th.
(d) 15th.

7. What was the name of the problem of finding the shape of a surface of maximum area for a perimeter of given length as found in Chapter 2?
(a) Cycloid.
(b) Brachistachrone.
(c) Isoperimeters.
(d) Involute.

8. Of all the subtle fluids conceived of during the Enlightenment, the ________ was the one that caused the most excitement and attracted the most researchers.
(a) Electrical fire.
(b) Natural fire.
(c) Air.
(d) Water.

9. Chapter 1 states that in 1700, ________ first talked about an "almost complete revolution in geometry" that had begun with the analytic geometry of Descartes.
(a) Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle.
(b) Leibniz.
(c) D'Alembert.
(d) Cartesians.

10. What was the name of the priest of the Congregation of the Oratory, who was also a philosopher, mathematician, and member of the French Academy of Sciences?
(a) Descartes.
(b) Chatelet.
(c) Nicolas Malebranche.
(d) Newton.

11. Who stated in 1665 that "Analysis...seems to belong no more to Mathematics than to Physics, Ethics or any other Science"?
(a) Euclid.
(b) Isaac Barrow.
(c) Aristotle.
(d) Condillac.

12. Who made the first extensive series of investigations of electricity in his book "De Magnete," according to Chapter 3?
(a) Abbe Nollet.
(b) John Cuthbertson.
(c) William Gilbert.
(d) Robert Symmer.

13. The narrator reveals that vis viva was a measure of ________ to conserve his creation while "action" was a measure of his efficiency.
(a) Man's passion.
(b) God's demeanor.
(c) God's desire.
(d) Man's desire.

14. In 1819, who gave a clue to the source of this pessimism when he wrote that "the power of our analysis is practically exhausted"?
(a) Isaac Barrow.
(b) Sylvestre-Francois Lacroix.
(c) Joseph-Louis Lagrange.
(d) Diderot.

15. According to the narrator in Chapter 1, who was one of the originators of the mechanical philosophy who believed there were no forces or powers in matter?
(a) Carnot.
(b) Bernoulli.
(c) Descartes.
(d) Leibniz.

Short Answer Questions

1. What area of science included astronomy, optics, statics, hydraulics, gnomonics, geography, horology, navigation, surveying, and fortification?

2. The "Philosophical Letters" was a product of Voltaire's visit to ________ according to Chapter 2.

3. ________, working with the knowledge of latent heat, realized that a big difference in heat could be obtained with a small difference in temperature, if one compared water and ice.

4. ________, "curator of experiments" at the Royal Society, began research on the luminosity of phosphorus in 1705, under instruction from members of the society.

5. The narrator reveals that mathematicians pursued ________, in which the physical object was reduced to a few idealized properties that were capable of quantification.

(see the answer keys)

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