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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In Chapter 2, who was the greatest analyst of the Enlightenment and created mathematical theories to predict the buckling of columns and beams?
(a) Leonhard Euler.
(b) Bernoulli.
(c) Leibniz.
(d) Newton.

2. Descartes's "quantity of motion" is equivalent to our modern principle of the conservation of ________.
(a) Formalism.
(b) Hermeneutics.
(c) Impression.
(d) Momentum.

3. Who carried rational mechanics to the highest point of generality and abstraction that it was to reach during the Enlightenment?
(a) Lagrange.
(b) Hermann.
(c) Daniel.
(d) Diderot.

4. The "Philosophical Letters" was a product of Voltaire's visit to ________ according to Chapter 2.
(a) Germany.
(b) England.
(c) Africa.
(d) America.

5. According to Chapter 3, ________ was the most volatile and least substantial of all the elements; therefore, it was the chief agent of change, as witnessed by its role in combustion, fermentation, decomposition, and evaporation.
(a) Water.
(b) Wind.
(c) Air.
(d) Fire.

6. The discipline of physics had originally been created by ________, and it had nothing to do with experiment or quantitative measure nor was it limited to the inorganic world.
(a) Newton.
(b) Aristotle.
(c) Plato.
(d) Boerhaave.

7. What category of science, at the beginning of the Enlightenment, was "the science that teaches us the reasons and causes of all the effects that Nature produces," including both living and nonliving phenomena?
(a) Physics.
(b) Biology.
(c) Zoology.
(d) Chemistry.

8. According to the beginning of Chapter 1, in 1759 the French mathematician ________ described a revolution that he saw taking place in natural philosophy.
(a) Carnot.
(b) Newton.
(c) Euler.
(d) Jean Lerond d'Alembert.

9. Madame du Chatelet supported the Leibnizian theory of ________ because it gave a better account of free will.
(a) Christianity.
(b) Mechanics.
(c) Physics.
(d) Religion.

10. ________'s emphasis on the repulsive or expansive property of air, led naturally to an emphasis on the expansive properties of the even more subtle fluids of heat and electricity.
(a) Aristotle.
(b) Hales.
(c) Musschenbroek.
(d) Boerhaave.

11. ________ in Italy and ________ in Holland did experiments in which they measured the impact of a falling ball by dropping in onto clay.
(a) Voltaire / d'Alembert.
(b) Giovanni Poleni / 'sGravesande.
(c) Newton / Aristotle.
(d) 'sGravesande / Descartes.

12. According to Chapter 2, for Newton, ________ consisted in "making experiments and observations and in drawing general Conclusion from them by Induction."
(a) Religion.
(b) Calculus.
(c) Analysis.
(d) Reason.

13. What was the name of the problem of finding the shape of a surface of maximum area for a perimeter of given length as found in Chapter 2?
(a) Isoperimeters.
(b) Brachistachrone.
(c) Involute.
(d) Cycloid.

14. Who stated in 1665 that "Analysis...seems to belong no more to Mathematics than to Physics, Ethics or any other Science"?
(a) Isaac Barrow.
(b) Euclid.
(c) Condillac.
(d) Aristotle.

15. According to Chapter 1, who made Newton into a supreme rationalist whose laws of motion were a priori deductions of pure thought?
(a) Roberts.
(b) Maupertuis.
(c) Marquis de l'Hopital.
(d) Fontenelle.

Short Answer Questions

1. According to the narrator in Chapter 2, the only machine employed by rational mechanics was ________.

2. In Chapter 3, who noticed that when he pulled off his silk socks in the evening, "they frequently made a crackling or snapping noise" and emitted "sparks of fire"?

3. What was the name of the philosopher who could enthusiastically claim that "the works of Nature everywhere sufficiently evidence a Diety"?

4. Chapter 1 states that the "geometric spirit" noted by ________ ensured that the same progress would occur in our knowledge about nature.

5. Who claimed a community of atheists could live a completely moral existence, according to Chapter 1 of the book "Science and the Enlightenment"?

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