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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Who made the first extensive series of investigations of electricity in his book "De Magnete," according to Chapter 3?
(a) William Gilbert.
(b) Abbe Nollet.
(c) John Cuthbertson.
(d) Robert Symmer.

2. According to Chapter 3, ________ was the most volatile and least substantial of all the elements; therefore, it was the chief agent of change, as witnessed by its role in combustion, fermentation, decomposition, and evaporation.
(a) Water.
(b) Air.
(c) Fire.
(d) Wind.

3. All of the following were forms of fire, according to Boerhaave and Musschenbroek, except for which one?
(a) Light.
(b) Heat.
(c) Wood.
(d) Electricity.

4. Throughout the Enlightenment, reason was usually extolled in the same breath with ________, the other key word of the Enlightenment.
(a) Nature.
(b) Science.
(c) Nuture.
(d) Religion.

5. Symmer's socks suggested the presence of ________ electrical fluids, according to the narrator in Chapter 3.
(a) 6.
(b) 2.
(c) 4.
(d) 8.

6. In the preface to his "Histoire" of the Paris Academy of Science, who argued in 1699 that the new "geometric spirit" could also improve works on politics, morals, literary criticism, and even public speaking?
(a) Fontenelle.
(b) Newton.
(c) Leibniz.
(d) Varignon.

7. According to the narrator in Chapter 1, what was the key to a correct method whose model was mathematics?
(a) Nuture.
(b) Reason.
(c) Nature.
(d) Geometry.

8. Who argued in the "Preliminary discourse" to the "Encyclopedie" that mathematics was basic to all of physics, according to the narrator in Chapter 3?
(a) Bacon.
(b) Boerhaave.
(c) Locke.
(d) Jean d'Alembert.

9. ________, "curator of experiments" at the Royal Society, began research on the luminosity of phosphorus in 1705, under instruction from members of the society.
(a) John Cuthbertson.
(b) Abbe Nollet.
(c) Francis Hauksbee.
(d) William Gilbert.

10. What was the name of the problem of finding the shape of a surface of maximum area for a perimeter of given length as found in Chapter 2?
(a) Cycloid.
(b) Brachistachrone.
(c) Involute.
(d) Isoperimeters.

11. The ________, who had been leaders in experimental physics during the seventeenth century, continued to hold a prominent place until their order was suppressed in 1773.
(a) Jewish.
(b) Jesuits.
(c) Buddist.
(d) Christians.

12. In the hands of ________, history led not to an understanding of God's will but rather to an understanding of human nature.
(a) D'Alembert.
(b) Kant.
(c) Boyle.
(d) David Hume.

13. What term did Toland invent for the belief that God and nature were one and the same, according to the narrator in Chapter 1?
(a) Pantheism.
(b) Mechanism.
(c) Academism.
(d) Deism.

14. In Chapter 3, who noticed that when he pulled off his silk socks in the evening, "they frequently made a crackling or snapping noise" and emitted "sparks of fire"?
(a) John Cuthbertson.
(b) Robert Symmer.
(c) Martinus van Marum.
(d) William Gilbert.

15. Contemporary chemistry recognized only one element in the gaseous state, and that was the element _______.
(a) Water.
(b) Fire.
(c) Air.
(d) Earth.

Short Answer Questions

1. The discipline of physics had originally been created by ________, and it had nothing to do with experiment or quantitative measure nor was it limited to the inorganic world.

2. In 1769, ________, a student of Joseph Black's at Glasgow, measured the repulsion between charges with an apparatus that balanced the electrical repulsion against gravitational attraction.

3. Who had written a preface to the second edition of the "Principia," supposedly with Newton's blessing, that described gravity as a force acting at a distance without any intervening medium?

4. In Chapter 2, what was the name of the path of a body that is dragged over a resisting horizontal surface by a cord of which one end moves along a straight line found?

5. According to Chapter 2, for Newton, ________ consisted in "making experiments and observations and in drawing general Conclusion from them by Induction."

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