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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In the hands of ________, history led not to an understanding of God's will but rather to an understanding of human nature.
(a) Boyle.
(b) David Hume.
(c) D'Alembert.
(d) Kant.

2. What category of science, at the beginning of the Enlightenment, was "the science that teaches us the reasons and causes of all the effects that Nature produces," including both living and nonliving phenomena?
(a) Zoology.
(b) Physics.
(c) Biology.
(d) Chemistry.

3. The discipline of physics had originally been created by ________, and it had nothing to do with experiment or quantitative measure nor was it limited to the inorganic world.
(a) Newton.
(b) Boerhaave.
(c) Aristotle.
(d) Plato.

4. What area of study in the Middle Ages had been the domain of those truths that could be found through the use of reason alone without the revelation of the Bible?
(a) Physiology.
(b) Psychology.
(c) Mied mathematics.
(d) Natural theology.

5. Descartes's "quantity of motion" is equivalent to our modern principle of the conservation of ________.
(a) Impression.
(b) Hermeneutics.
(c) Formalism.
(d) Momentum.

6. Who carried rational mechanics to the highest point of generality and abstraction that it was to reach during the Enlightenment?
(a) Diderot.
(b) Hermann.
(c) Daniel.
(d) Lagrange.

7. Chapter 1 states that the "geometric spirit" noted by ________ ensured that the same progress would occur in our knowledge about nature.
(a) Boyle.
(b) Fontenelle.
(c) Newton.
(d) Locke.

8. Who became the ablest and most productive mathematician of the eighteenth century, according to the narrator in Chapter 2?
(a) Newton.
(b) Euler.
(c) Bernoulli.
(d) Lagrange.

9. The narrator explains in Chapter 3 that ________ and ________ were the best examples of subtle fluids.
(a) Water / air.
(b) Electricity / water.
(c) Heat / air.
(d) Electricity / heat.

10. What was the name of the problem of finding the shape of a surface of maximum area for a perimeter of given length as found in Chapter 2?
(a) Cycloid.
(b) Isoperimeters.
(c) Involute.
(d) Brachistachrone.

11. The ________, who had been leaders in experimental physics during the seventeenth century, continued to hold a prominent place until their order was suppressed in 1773.
(a) Buddist.
(b) Jewish.
(c) Jesuits.
(d) Christians.

12. The narrator reveals that mathematicians pursued ________, in which the physical object was reduced to a few idealized properties that were capable of quantification.
(a) Rational mechanics.
(b) Analysis.
(c) Psychology.
(d) Synthesis.

13. In 1729, ________, a dedicated amateur experimenter and occasional contributor to the "Philosophical Transactions" of the Royal Society, discovered that electricity could be communicated over rather long distances by contact.
(a) 'sGravesande.
(b) Francis Hauksbee.
(c) Stephen Gray.
(d) Newton.

14. In the early years of the Enlightenment, the strongest support on the Continent for Newton's philosophy came from ________.
(a) America.
(b) Germany.
(c) Holland.
(d) Italy.

15. According to the narrator in Chapter 1, who was one of the originators of the mechanical philosophy who believed there were no forces or powers in matter?
(a) Descartes.
(b) Carnot.
(c) Bernoulli.
(d) Leibniz.

Short Answer Questions

1. According to Chapter 2, for Newton, ________ consisted in "making experiments and observations and in drawing general Conclusion from them by Induction."

2. Who claimed a community of atheists could live a completely moral existence, according to Chapter 1 of the book "Science and the Enlightenment"?

3. What was the name of the philosopher who had a passion for humanity, a desire to "do good," and a penchant for reform, according to Chapter 1?

4. By what name did natural philosophers want to be known as, according to the narrator in Chapter 1?

5. In Chapter 3, whose book described demonstration experiments and gave detailed instructions for making and using the apparatus, but unlike the Dutch physicists, he attempted to create a single rational systematic philosophy, after the model of Leibniz?

(see the answer keys)

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