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This quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions through Chapter 1, The Character of the Enlightenment.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The names "biology" and "sociology" were names and fields that were created in what century, according to the narrator in Chapter 1?
(a) 15th.
(b) 19th.
(c) 18th.
(d) 17th.

2. What was the name of the philosopher who could enthusiastically claim that "the works of Nature everywhere sufficiently evidence a Diety"?
(a) Kant.
(b) D' Alembert.
(c) Aristotle.
(d) John Locke.

3. Which German metaphysician, when asked in 1785 if he believed he lived in an enlightened age, answered, "No, we are living in an age of enlightenment."
(a) Maupertuis.
(b) Diderot.
(c) Immanuel Kant.
(d) Chatelet.

4. What area of science included astronomy, optics, statics, hydraulics, gnomonics, geography, horology, navigation, surveying, and fortification?
(a) Geology.
(b) Meteorology.
(c) Botany.
(d) Mixed mathematics.

5. Chapter 1 states that the "geometric spirit" noted by ________ ensured that the same progress would occur in our knowledge about nature.
(a) Newton.
(b) Boyle.
(c) Fontenelle.
(d) Locke.

Short Answer Questions

1. According to Chapter 1, who made Newton into a supreme rationalist whose laws of motion were a priori deductions of pure thought?

2. In the hands of ________, history led not to an understanding of God's will but rather to an understanding of human nature.

3. What category of science, at the beginning of the Enlightenment, was "the science that teaches us the reasons and causes of all the effects that Nature produces," including both living and nonliving phenomena?

4. The eighteenth century was called by the French the ________ because of its emphasis on reason as a path to knowledge.

5. In Chapter 1, who claimed that his "principle of least action" proved the existence of God?

(see the answer key)

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