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This quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions through Chapter 5, Natural History and Physiology.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. According to Chapter 3, ________ was the most volatile and least substantial of all the elements; therefore, it was the chief agent of change, as witnessed by its role in combustion, fermentation, decomposition, and evaporation.
(a) Air.
(b) Fire.
(c) Water.
(d) Wind.

2. According to the narrator in Chapter 3, who became a famous doctor and chemist and initiated the Dutch program in his oration of 1715 entitled "De comparando certo in physicis"?
(a) Newton.
(b) Musschenbroek.
(c) Mariotte.
(d) Boerhaave.

3. According to Chapter 1, ________, in 1747, attributed the cause of a "great revolution in physics" to Newton's "Principia."
(a) Alexis-Claude Clairaut.
(b) Descartes.
(c) Maupertuis.
(d) Malebranche.

4. Who was the extraordinary philosopher whose life and career exemplified many aspects of the Enlightenment, although he was not especially prominent as a natural philosopher nor was he the main protagonist in the vis viva controversy?
(a) Chatelet.
(b) Gabrielle de Breteuil.
(c) Voltaire.
(d) Bernoulli.

5. All of the following were the leading chemists and medical doctors, according to the beginning of Chapter 4, except for whom?
(a) Boerhaave.
(b) Rumford.
(c) Black.
(d) Stahl.

Short Answer Questions

1. In Chapter 4, who found that many liquids cooled on evaporation: the more volatile the liquid, the greater the amount of cooling?

2. Chapter 5 states that the property of "irritability" had first been recognized by ________, who used it to explain why the gall bladder does not discharge bile into the intestines constantly but only when bile is needed.

3. What was the name of the philosopher who could enthusiastically claim that "the works of Nature everywhere sufficiently evidence a Diety"?

4. In the hands of ________, history led not to an understanding of God's will but rather to an understanding of human nature.

5. In Chapter 5, who analyzed the mechanics of the muscles and skeleton of the human body and tried to explain muscular contraction as a hydraulic or mechanical inflation of the tissue?

(see the answer key)

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