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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The names "biology" and "sociology" were names and fields that were created in what century, according to the narrator in Chapter 1?
(a) 18th.
(b) 15th.
(c) 19th.
(d) 17th.

2. The narrator reveals that mathematicians pursued ________, in which the physical object was reduced to a few idealized properties that were capable of quantification.
(a) Synthesis.
(b) Analysis.
(c) Psychology.
(d) Rational mechanics.

3. What was the name of the problem of finding the shape of a surface of maximum area for a perimeter of given length as found in Chapter 2?
(a) Cycloid.
(b) Isoperimeters.
(c) Brachistachrone.
(d) Involute.

4. The "Philosophical Letters" was a product of Voltaire's visit to ________ according to Chapter 2.
(a) Africa.
(b) America.
(c) England.
(d) Germany.

5. ________, working with the knowledge of latent heat, realized that a big difference in heat could be obtained with a small difference in temperature, if one compared water and ice.
(a) Newton.
(b) Roebuck.
(c) Fordyce.
(d) Black.

Short Answer Questions

1. Newton had not made it clear whether the forces acting between the planets and between the parts of matter acted at a distance or through some intervening medium called a(n) ________.

2. In Chapter 3, who proposed a single static electrical "atmosphere" that attracted and repelled by pressure rather than by the impact of an electrical wind?

3. The concept of subtle fluids made its appearance around ________ when demonstration experiments in physics were rapidly gaining in popularity, according to the narrator in Chapter 3.

4. In Chapter 3, what was the name of the experimental tradition began in Western Europe during the Renaissance?

5. Descartes's "quantity of motion" is equivalent to our modern principle of the conservation of ________.

Short Essay Questions

1. Briefly explain the major philosopher of method in France in the eighteenth century.

2. Describe Gabrielle de Breteuil.

3. Discuss the two concepts that were studied in rational mechanics during the Enlightenment.

4. Briefly discuss the origin of subtle fluid as discuss in Chapter 3 of "Science and the Enlightenment."

5. Discuss the electrical experiments of Benjamin Franklin, Stephen Gray and Abbe Jean Antoine Nollet.

6. What were the two necessary ingredients for the improvement of astronomical tables? Explain.

7. Why was income important to scientists during the Enlightenment period?

8. What was the meaning of experimental physics at the end of the Enlightenment? Why is important that the meaning of experimental physics had changed?

9. What were the proponents of blunt rods which where used in the study of electricity? Who led the proponents of blunt rods? Explain.

10. Who coined the term "Scientific Revolution" and who was this person? What was the Scientific Revolution?

(see the answer keys)

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