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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The discipline of physics had originally been created by ________, and it had nothing to do with experiment or quantitative measure nor was it limited to the inorganic world.
(a) Aristotle.
(b) Boerhaave.
(c) Plato.
(d) Newton.

2. In the preface to his "Histoire" of the Paris Academy of Science, who argued in 1699 that the new "geometric spirit" could also improve works on politics, morals, literary criticism, and even public speaking?
(a) Fontenelle.
(b) Varignon.
(c) Leibniz.
(d) Newton.

3. Who had written a preface to the second edition of the "Principia," supposedly with Newton's blessing, that described gravity as a force acting at a distance without any intervening medium?
(a) Roger Cortes.
(b) Robert Boyle.
(c) James Butler.
(d) Henry Oldenburg.

4. All of the following English philosophers had shown convincingly that knowledge about the physical world could not be obtained from first principles without resort to experiment except for whom?
(a) Locke.
(b) Newton.
(c) Boyle.
(d) Bacon.

5. What area of science included astronomy, optics, statics, hydraulics, gnomonics, geography, horology, navigation, surveying, and fortification?
(a) Botany.
(b) Meteorology.
(c) Mixed mathematics.
(d) Geology.

Short Answer Questions

1. The conversion of 'sGravesande confused the ideological debate because he was one of the leading supporters of ________ philosophy on the Continent.

2. According to Chapter 1, who made Newton into a supreme rationalist whose laws of motion were a priori deductions of pure thought?

3. Of all the subtle fluids conceived of during the Enlightenment, the ________ was the one that caused the most excitement and attracted the most researchers.

4. What was the name of the philosopher who was the leading scientific experimenter in seventeenth-century England, who had agreed that he had never seen any "inanimate production of nature, or of chance, whose contrivance was comparable to that of the meanest limb of the despicabilist animal"?

5. In Chapter 2, what was the name of the path of a body that is dragged over a resisting horizontal surface by a cord of which one end moves along a straight line found?

Short Essay Questions

1. Discuss the two concepts that were studied in rational mechanics during the Enlightenment.

2. Explain how the laws of nature were to be discovered by experimentation and observation.

3. What prompted the versions of the mechanical philosophy in the seventeenth century? Give an example.

4. Discuss Christian Wolff's book "Generally useful researches for attaining to a more exact knowledge of nature and the arts."

5. Explain why Newton's laws were not adequate to deal with all of the mechanical phenomena studied during the Enlightenment.

6. Describe Gabrielle de Breteuil.

7. How did the eighteenth century define analysis? Explain.

8. What did the French call the eighteenth century? Explain.

9. Why was income important to scientists during the Enlightenment period?

10. Who was William Herschel and what planet did he discover?

(see the answer keys)

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