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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. According to the beginning of Chapter 1, in 1759 the French mathematician ________ described a revolution that he saw taking place in natural philosophy.
(a) Carnot.
(b) Euler.
(c) Jean Lerond d'Alembert.
(d) Newton.

2. ________, working with the knowledge of latent heat, realized that a big difference in heat could be obtained with a small difference in temperature, if one compared water and ice.
(a) Black.
(b) Newton.
(c) Fordyce.
(d) Roebuck.

3. Some of the "cabinet de physique" became very large, the most famous being the collection of the ________ in Haarlem.
(a) Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
(b) Teyler Foundation.
(c) Rockefeller Foundation.
(d) Ford Foundation.

4. Who had written a preface to the second edition of the "Principia," supposedly with Newton's blessing, that described gravity as a force acting at a distance without any intervening medium?
(a) Roger Cortes.
(b) Henry Oldenburg.
(c) Robert Boyle.
(d) James Butler.

5. The eighteenth century was called by the French the ________ because of its emphasis on reason as a path to knowledge.
(a) Century of reason.
(b) Century of life.
(c) Century of light.
(d) Century of science.

Short Answer Questions

1. What category of science, at the beginning of the Enlightenment, was "the science that teaches us the reasons and causes of all the effects that Nature produces," including both living and nonliving phenomena?

2. The concept of a ________ was a necessary step in the process of quantification, according to the narrator in Chapter 3.

3. Who coined the expression "Scientific Revolution," according to the narrator in Chapter 1?

4. From ________'s law of falling bodies, it was known that the heights would be proportional to the squares of the velocities at impact.

5. What was the name of the philosopher who could enthusiastically claim that "the works of Nature everywhere sufficiently evidence a Diety"?

Short Essay Questions

1. Explain how mathematics and mechanics advanced through the study of curves.

2. Discuss Christian Wolff's book "Generally useful researches for attaining to a more exact knowledge of nature and the arts."

3. Discuss Benjamin Franklin's single static electrical atmosphere.

4. What advantage did natural philosophy have over other literary pursuits? Explain.

5. Why was income important to scientists during the Enlightenment period?

6. Discuss the ideology of the Enlightenment on natural philosophers. Who was France's main natural philosopher? Explain.

7. Briefly discuss the origin of subtle fluid as discuss in Chapter 3 of "Science and the Enlightenment."

8. Discuss the periodic fluctuation Bradley found in 1748.

9. Discuss how nature and reason tied into the Enlightenment.

10. How did the eighteenth century define analysis? Explain.

(see the answer keys)

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