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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which German metaphysician, when asked in 1785 if he believed he lived in an enlightened age, answered, "No, we are living in an age of enlightenment."
(a) Chatelet.
(b) Immanuel Kant.
(c) Maupertuis.
(d) Diderot.

2. Who came out in support of vis viva in 1722 and concluded that "what was before only a dispute of words now becomes a dispute about real things"?
(a) Galileo Galilei.
(b) Voltaire.
(c) Musschenbroek.
(d) 'sGravesande.

3. In Chapter 3, who proposed a single static electrical "atmosphere" that attracted and repelled by pressure rather than by the impact of an electrical wind?
(a) Desagulier.
(b) Newton.
(c) Musschenbroek.
(d) Franklin.

4. Madame du Chatelet supported the Leibnizian theory of ________ because it gave a better account of free will.
(a) Mechanics.
(b) Religion.
(c) Physics.
(d) Christianity.

5. In the hands of ________, history led not to an understanding of God's will but rather to an understanding of human nature.
(a) David Hume.
(b) Kant.
(c) Boyle.
(d) D'Alembert.

Short Answer Questions

1. In Chapter 3, ________ and ________ were both led to the problem of specific heat by the discovery that a great deal of heat was required to melt ice, even though its temperature remained at the melting point.

2. According to Chapter 1, the noble Houyhnhnm in Jonathan Swift's ________ "thought Nature and Reason were sufficient guides for a reasonable animal, as we pretended to be, in showing us what we ought to do, and what to avoid."

3. According to the narrator in Chapter 1, what was the key to a correct method whose model was mathematics?

4. What category of science, at the beginning of the Enlightenment, was "the science that teaches us the reasons and causes of all the effects that Nature produces," including both living and nonliving phenomena?

5. Who stated in 1665 that "Analysis...seems to belong no more to Mathematics than to Physics, Ethics or any other Science"?

Short Essay Questions

1. Discuss the electrical experiments of Benjamin Franklin, Stephen Gray and Abbe Jean Antoine Nollet.

2. Who redefined physics in the 1720s? Explain.

3. Discuss Christian Wolff's book "Generally useful researches for attaining to a more exact knowledge of nature and the arts."

4. Discuss Charles Francois de Cisternai Dufay and his impact in electrical science.

5. What prompted the versions of the mechanical philosophy in the seventeenth century? Give an example.

6. Who was William Herschel and what planet did he discover?

7. Discuss the study of physics in the beginning of the Enlightenment.

8. Describe Gabrielle de Breteuil.

9. What did the French call the eighteenth century? Explain.

10. What did Leibniz argue in regards to the mechanical philosophy of the Enlightenment?

(see the answer keys)

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