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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In the hands of ________, history led not to an understanding of God's will but rather to an understanding of human nature.
(a) David Hume.
(b) Kant.
(c) Boyle.
(d) D'Alembert.

2. Madame du Chatelet supported the Leibnizian theory of ________ because it gave a better account of free will.
(a) Physics.
(b) Christianity.
(c) Religion.
(d) Mechanics.

3. According to Chapter 2, for Newton, ________ consisted in "making experiments and observations and in drawing general Conclusion from them by Induction."
(a) Reason.
(b) Analysis.
(c) Calculus.
(d) Religion.

4. The narrator reveals that vis viva was a measure of ________ to conserve his creation while "action" was a measure of his efficiency.
(a) Man's desire.
(b) God's desire.
(c) God's demeanor.
(d) Man's passion.

5. Who coined the expression "Scientific Revolution," according to the narrator in Chapter 1?
(a) Newton.
(b) Malebranche.
(c) Descartes.
(d) Jean Lerond d'Alembert.

Short Answer Questions

1. In Chapter 3, ________ and ________ were both led to the problem of specific heat by the discovery that a great deal of heat was required to melt ice, even though its temperature remained at the melting point.

2. What was the name of the philosopher who could enthusiastically claim that "the works of Nature everywhere sufficiently evidence a Diety"?

3. The ________, who had been leaders in experimental physics during the seventeenth century, continued to hold a prominent place until their order was suppressed in 1773.

4. Who stated in 1665 that "Analysis...seems to belong no more to Mathematics than to Physics, Ethics or any other Science"?

5. Who believed that the universe would run down if it were not for God's intervention to renew his creation?

Short Essay Questions

1. Discuss the product of the Philosophical Letters.

2. What did Leibniz argue in regards to the mechanical philosophy of the Enlightenment?

3. What prompted the versions of the mechanical philosophy in the seventeenth century? Give an example.

4. Discuss the two concepts that were studied in rational mechanics during the Enlightenment.

5. Discuss the study of physics in the beginning of the Enlightenment.

6. Why was income important to scientists during the Enlightenment period?

7. Who redefined physics in the 1720s? Explain.

8. Briefly explain the major philosopher of method in France in the eighteenth century.

9. Briefly discuss the origin of subtle fluid as discuss in Chapter 3 of "Science and the Enlightenment."

10. How did the eighteenth century define analysis? Explain.

(see the answer keys)

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