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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Leibniz, in his differential calculus, broke up the curve into many little straight lines, creating a ________, in Chapter 2 of "Science and the Enlightenment."
(a) Centripetal curve.
(b) Polygon curve.
(c) Pentagon curve.
(d) Diagonal curve.

2. In Chapter 3, who noticed that when he pulled off his silk socks in the evening, "they frequently made a crackling or snapping noise" and emitted "sparks of fire"?
(a) Martinus van Marum.
(b) John Cuthbertson.
(c) William Gilbert.
(d) Robert Symmer.

3. ________, working with the knowledge of latent heat, realized that a big difference in heat could be obtained with a small difference in temperature, if one compared water and ice.
(a) Black.
(b) Fordyce.
(c) Roebuck.
(d) Newton.

4. Which German metaphysician, when asked in 1785 if he believed he lived in an enlightened age, answered, "No, we are living in an age of enlightenment."
(a) Maupertuis.
(b) Immanuel Kant.
(c) Chatelet.
(d) Diderot.

5. The narrator reveals that mathematicians pursued ________, in which the physical object was reduced to a few idealized properties that were capable of quantification.
(a) Rational mechanics.
(b) Psychology.
(c) Analysis.
(d) Synthesis.

Short Answer Questions

1. What was the name of the path by which an object slides from one point to another that is not on the same vertical line in the shortest possible time?

2. According to the narrator in Chapter 3, who became a famous doctor and chemist and initiated the Dutch program in his oration of 1715 entitled "De comparando certo in physicis"?

3. Who came out in support of vis viva in 1722 and concluded that "what was before only a dispute of words now becomes a dispute about real things"?

4. In 1819, who gave a clue to the source of this pessimism when he wrote that "the power of our analysis is practically exhausted"?

5. According to the narrator in Chapter 1, who was one of the originators of the mechanical philosophy who believed there were no forces or powers in matter?

Short Essay Questions

1. How did the eighteenth century define analysis? Explain.

2. Who coined the term "Scientific Revolution" and who was this person? What was the Scientific Revolution?

3. What did Leibniz argue in regards to the mechanical philosophy of the Enlightenment?

4. Describe Gabrielle de Breteuil.

5. Discuss the study of physics in the beginning of the Enlightenment.

6. What prompted the versions of the mechanical philosophy in the seventeenth century? Give an example.

7. Discuss how nature and reason tied into the Enlightenment.

8. Discuss the ideology of the Enlightenment on natural philosophers. Who was France's main natural philosopher? Explain.

9. Why was income important to scientists during the Enlightenment period?

10. Explain how mathematics and mechanics advanced through the study of curves.

(see the answer keys)

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