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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In the hands of ________, history led not to an understanding of God's will but rather to an understanding of human nature.
(a) Boyle.
(b) David Hume.
(c) D'Alembert.
(d) Kant.

2. Who stated in 1665 that "Analysis...seems to belong no more to Mathematics than to Physics, Ethics or any other Science"?
(a) Euclid.
(b) Condillac.
(c) Aristotle.
(d) Isaac Barrow.

3. What was the name of the philosopher who was the leading scientific experimenter in seventeenth-century England, who had agreed that he had never seen any "inanimate production of nature, or of chance, whose contrivance was comparable to that of the meanest limb of the despicabilist animal"?
(a) Robert Boyle.
(b) Locke.
(c) Swift.
(d) Galileo.

4. According to Chapter 2, for Newton, ________ consisted in "making experiments and observations and in drawing general Conclusion from them by Induction."
(a) Reason.
(b) Religion.
(c) Calculus.
(d) Analysis.

5. According to Chapter 3, ________ was the most volatile and least substantial of all the elements; therefore, it was the chief agent of change, as witnessed by its role in combustion, fermentation, decomposition, and evaporation.
(a) Wind.
(b) Air.
(c) Fire.
(d) Water.

Short Answer Questions

1. The ________, who had been leaders in experimental physics during the seventeenth century, continued to hold a prominent place until their order was suppressed in 1773.

2. Who made the first extensive series of investigations of electricity in his book "De Magnete," according to Chapter 3?

3. Who believed that the universe would run down if it were not for God's intervention to renew his creation?

4. In Chapter 3, whose book described demonstration experiments and gave detailed instructions for making and using the apparatus, but unlike the Dutch physicists, he attempted to create a single rational systematic philosophy, after the model of Leibniz?

5. Who came out in support of vis viva in 1722 and concluded that "what was before only a dispute of words now becomes a dispute about real things"?

Short Essay Questions

1. Discuss the ideology of the Enlightenment on natural philosophers. Who was France's main natural philosopher? Explain.

2. Briefly discuss the origin of subtle fluid as discuss in Chapter 3 of "Science and the Enlightenment."

3. Explain how mathematics and mechanics advanced through the study of curves.

4. Discuss the electrical experiments of Benjamin Franklin, Stephen Gray and Abbe Jean Antoine Nollet.

5. Discuss the periodic fluctuation Bradley found in 1748.

6. Explain why Newton's laws were not adequate to deal with all of the mechanical phenomena studied during the Enlightenment.

7. What were the two necessary ingredients for the improvement of astronomical tables? Explain.

8. Who coined the term "Scientific Revolution" and who was this person? What was the Scientific Revolution?

9. How did the eighteenth century define analysis? Explain.

10. Discuss the product of the Philosophical Letters.

(see the answer keys)

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