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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The narrator reveals that mathematicians pursued ________, in which the physical object was reduced to a few idealized properties that were capable of quantification.
(a) Synthesis.
(b) Psychology.
(c) Analysis.
(d) Rational mechanics.

2. According to the narrator in Chapter 2, the only machine employed by rational mechanics was ________.
(a) The mind.
(b) The soul.
(c) The body.
(d) The car.

3. All of the following English philosophers had shown convincingly that knowledge about the physical world could not be obtained from first principles without resort to experiment except for whom?
(a) Locke.
(b) Bacon.
(c) Newton.
(d) Boyle.

4. In Chapter 3, what was the name of the experimental tradition began in Western Europe during the Renaissance?
(a) Practical magic.
(b) Physics.
(c) Black magic.
(d) Natural magic.

5. The eighteenth century was called by the French the ________ because of its emphasis on reason as a path to knowledge.
(a) Century of light.
(b) Century of life.
(c) Century of reason.
(d) Century of science.

Short Answer Questions

1. According to Chapter 1, ________, in 1747, attributed the cause of a "great revolution in physics" to Newton's "Principia."

2. By what name did natural philosophers want to be known as, according to the narrator in Chapter 1?

3. According to Chapter 2, for Newton, ________ consisted in "making experiments and observations and in drawing general Conclusion from them by Induction."

4. In a letter of September 21, 1781, who wrote to his mentor Jean d'Alembert that he feared mathematics had reached its limit?

5. What was the name of the path by which an object slides from one point to another that is not on the same vertical line in the shortest possible time?

Short Essay Questions

1. Discuss the origin of the study of electricity.

2. Discuss Charles Francois de Cisternai Dufay and his impact in electrical science.

3. Briefly discuss the origin of subtle fluid as discuss in Chapter 3 of "Science and the Enlightenment."

4. What was the meaning of experimental physics at the end of the Enlightenment? Why is important that the meaning of experimental physics had changed?

5. What did the French call the eighteenth century? Explain.

6. Discuss the periodic fluctuation Bradley found in 1748.

7. Discuss the two concepts that were studied in rational mechanics during the Enlightenment.

8. What advantage did natural philosophy have over other literary pursuits? Explain.

9. Discuss the electrical experiments of Benjamin Franklin, Stephen Gray and Abbe Jean Antoine Nollet.

10. Why was income important to scientists during the Enlightenment period?

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