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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In Chapter 1, who claimed that his "principle of least action" proved the existence of God?
(a) Pierre-Louis-Moreau de Maupertuis.
(b) Leibniz.
(c) Malebranche.
(d) Newton.

2. According to Chapter 2, for Newton, ________ consisted in "making experiments and observations and in drawing general Conclusion from them by Induction."
(a) Calculus.
(b) Reason.
(c) Religion.
(d) Analysis.

3. Some of the "cabinet de physique" became very large, the most famous being the collection of the ________ in Haarlem.
(a) Ford Foundation.
(b) Rockefeller Foundation.
(c) Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
(d) Teyler Foundation.

4. From ________'s law of falling bodies, it was known that the heights would be proportional to the squares of the velocities at impact.
(a) Voltaire.
(b) Descartes.
(c) Galileo.
(d) Poleni.

5. The concept of a ________ was a necessary step in the process of quantification, according to the narrator in Chapter 3.
(a) Capacitor fluid.
(b) Subtle fluid.
(c) Transmission fluid.
(d) Acid fluid.

Short Answer Questions

1. Vis viva was thought by its creator ________ to be the dynamic quantity that was conserved in the universe, according to the narrator in Chapter 2.

2. What was the name of the path by which an object slides from one point to another that is not on the same vertical line in the shortest possible time?

3. In Chapter 2, what was the name of the path of a body that is dragged over a resisting horizontal surface by a cord of which one end moves along a straight line found?

4. Who believed that the universe would run down if it were not for God's intervention to renew his creation?

5. Throughout the Enlightenment, reason was usually extolled in the same breath with ________, the other key word of the Enlightenment.

Short Essay Questions

1. How did the eighteenth century define analysis? Explain.

2. Discuss the study of physics in the beginning of the Enlightenment.

3. Discuss the product of the Philosophical Letters.

4. Discuss Charles Francois de Cisternai Dufay and his impact in electrical science.

5. Why was income important to scientists during the Enlightenment period?

6. Discuss the periodic fluctuation Bradley found in 1748.

7. Discuss the electrical experiments of Benjamin Franklin, Stephen Gray and Abbe Jean Antoine Nollet.

8. What were the two necessary ingredients for the improvement of astronomical tables? Explain.

9. Discuss Benjamin Franklin's single static electrical atmosphere.

10. What did Leibniz argue in regards to the mechanical philosophy of the Enlightenment?

(see the answer keys)

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