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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. According to the narrator in Chapter 1, what was the key to a correct method whose model was mathematics?
(a) Reason.
(b) Geometry.
(c) Nature.
(d) Nuture.

2. In 1819, who gave a clue to the source of this pessimism when he wrote that "the power of our analysis is practically exhausted"?
(a) Joseph-Louis Lagrange.
(b) Diderot.
(c) Isaac Barrow.
(d) Sylvestre-Francois Lacroix.

3. Who carried rational mechanics to the highest point of generality and abstraction that it was to reach during the Enlightenment?
(a) Hermann.
(b) Daniel.
(c) Diderot.
(d) Lagrange.

4. What area of science included astronomy, optics, statics, hydraulics, gnomonics, geography, horology, navigation, surveying, and fortification?
(a) Meteorology.
(b) Geology.
(c) Mixed mathematics.
(d) Botany.

5. Leibniz, in his differential calculus, broke up the curve into many little straight lines, creating a ________, in Chapter 2 of "Science and the Enlightenment."
(a) Polygon curve.
(b) Centripetal curve.
(c) Pentagon curve.
(d) Diagonal curve.

Short Answer Questions

1. In Chapter 3, whose book described demonstration experiments and gave detailed instructions for making and using the apparatus, but unlike the Dutch physicists, he attempted to create a single rational systematic philosophy, after the model of Leibniz?

2. Who made the first extensive series of investigations of electricity in his book "De Magnete," according to Chapter 3?

3. The eighteenth century was called by the French the ________ because of its emphasis on reason as a path to knowledge.

4. In Chapter 1, who claimed that his "principle of least action" proved the existence of God?

5. ________'s emphasis on the repulsive or expansive property of air, led naturally to an emphasis on the expansive properties of the even more subtle fluids of heat and electricity.

Short Essay Questions

1. Explain how the laws of nature were to be discovered by experimentation and observation.

2. Discuss Fontenelle's tie to science and literature as discussed in Chapter 1.

3. Discuss the ideology of the Enlightenment on natural philosophers. Who was France's main natural philosopher? Explain.

4. Who redefined physics in the 1720s? Explain.

5. Explain how mathematics and mechanics advanced through the study of curves.

6. Discuss the periodic fluctuation Bradley found in 1748.

7. Discuss the electrical experiments of Benjamin Franklin, Stephen Gray and Abbe Jean Antoine Nollet.

8. Who coined the term "Scientific Revolution" and who was this person? What was the Scientific Revolution?

9. Why was income important to scientists during the Enlightenment period?

10. Discuss Charles Francois de Cisternai Dufay and his impact in electrical science.

(see the answer keys)

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