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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In Chapter 4, what is the name of the group of financiers who obtained from the French government the right to collect taxes?
(a) Tax farm.
(b) Personal tax assistant.
(c) Fixed sum.
(d) Tax lawyer.

2. Natural theology in England continued well into the nineteenth century, where it finally encountered its nemesis in ________, according to the narrator in Chapter 5.
(a) Darwin.
(b) Foucault.
(c) Freud.
(d) Cambridge.

3. Joseph Black studied ________, which had only recently been used as a medicine, according to Chapter 4.
(a) Limewater.
(b) Quicklime.
(c) Carbon monoxide.
(d) Magnesia alba.

4. Van Helmont had proposed an ________ in the stomach that he believed to be the innermost essence of life and that acted by fermentation.
(a) Axolotl.
(b) Myxini.
(c) Nasalis.
(d) Archaeus.

5. In Chapter 5, ________ and ________ found freshwater worms regenerated in the same fashion, and since worms were definitely animals, previous doubts about the animality of the polyp lost their force.
(a) La Mettrie / Diderot.
(b) Leeuwenhoek / Hartsoeker.
(c) Reaumur / Bonnet.
(d) Trembley / Hertwig.

Short Answer Questions

1. According to the narrator in Chapter 5, who coined the word "spermatozoon" in 1827?

2. In Chapter 5, Ingen-Housz was able to show in his "Experiments on Vegetables" that it was ________ not ________, that was essential for the production of oxygen by the leaves.

3. As a mathematician and rigorous metaphysician, ________ believed that the universe in all past, present, and future states followed a "preestablished harmony" laid down by God at the time of creation.

4. In Chapter 4, who found that many liquids cooled on evaporation: the more volatile the liquid, the greater the amount of cooling?

5. Robert Whytt and Charles Aston studied the properties of ________ and ________ according, to the narrator in Chapter 4.

Short Essay Questions

1. Discuss the three social classes in France as described in Chapter 6.

2. What was the medical purpose of Black's research in gas chemistry? Explain.

3. Discuss natural history's rebirth in the late seventeenth century.

4. What was the "Encyclopedie"?

5. Discuss Turgot's version of the science of man.

6. What were the four fragments of knowledge that probably contributed to Lavoisier's inspiration to research combustion?

7. Briefly discuss Du Pont de Nemours as described in Chapter 6.

8. Who were the physiocrats? Explain.

9. Briefly explain Joseph Black as described in Chapter 4.

10. Describe the three primary kinds of governments Montesquieu distinguished between in Chapter 6.

(see the answer keys)

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