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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Beginning in 1760, all of the following individuals were considered the three best experimentalists of the century who were all drawn to the ovist version of the preformation theory except for which one?
(a) Haller.
(b) Bonnet.
(c) Needham.
(d) Spallanzani.

2. In Chapter 5, who adopted a theory of generation similar to that of Maupertuis and in his second volume of his "Natural History," he brought forward his theory of organic molecules, interior mold, and penetrating force?
(a) Graafian.
(b) Buffon.
(c) Bonnet.
(d) Kolreuter.

3. In Chapter 5, the most scandalous physiology of all was "Man the Machine" of ________.
(a) Vincennes.
(b) La Mettrie.
(c) Shaftesbury.
(d) Boerhaave.

4. In February 1744, ________, master apothecary to the French Army, published an article on the red precipitate of mercury "per se" in "Observations sur la physique, sur l'histoire naturelle, et sur les arts."
(a) Lavoisier.
(b) Macquer.
(c) Bayen.
(d) Turgot.

5. The period that we call the Enlightenment ended with whom according to the narrator in Chapter 6?
(a) Rousseau.
(b) Condorcet.
(c) D'Alembert.
(d) Lafayette.

Short Answer Questions

1. Joseph Priestly and Henry Cavendish continued to use the term ________ for the action of fire in combustion, in Chapter 4.

2. The narrator explains in Chapter 6 that the ________ believed that the improvement of society could be brought about by making economic activity agree more closely with the laws implanted in nature by Providence.

3. Chapter 6 explains that ________ created the first stirrings of Romanticism.

4. In 1757, thirty years after Hales described his experiments with ________, Joseph Black discovered the phenomenon of ________.

5. In Chapter 5, ________ and ________ found freshwater worms regenerated in the same fashion, and since worms were definitely animals, previous doubts about the animality of the polyp lost their force.

Short Essay Questions

1. Briefly discuss Jean Senebier's interpretation of Ingen-Housz's explanation of how plants produced oxygen.

2. Briefly explain John Mayow's experiment with a vacuum pump as described in chapter 4.

3. Briefly explain Joseph Priestley and his contribution to gas chemistry.

4. Discuss Regnier de Graaf's experiments on digestive fluids.

5. What were a couple ways to promote the science of man according to Chapter 6?

6. Who were the physiocrats? Explain.

7. Briefly discuss the two great national academies that were the models on which the new academies of the eighteenth century were founded.

8. What was the medical purpose of Black's research in gas chemistry? Explain.

9. Discuss Turgot's version of the science of man.

10. What were the three main ingredients of the Chemical Revolution?

(see the answer keys)

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