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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In Chapter 5, ________ and ________ found freshwater worms regenerated in the same fashion, and since worms were definitely animals, previous doubts about the animality of the polyp lost their force.
(a) Leeuwenhoek / Hartsoeker.
(b) Trembley / Hertwig.
(c) La Mettrie / Diderot.
(d) Reaumur / Bonnet.

2. In February 1744, ________, master apothecary to the French Army, published an article on the red precipitate of mercury "per se" in "Observations sur la physique, sur l'histoire naturelle, et sur les arts."
(a) Bayen.
(b) Macquer.
(c) Lavoisier.
(d) Turgot.

3. Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, Antoine de Jussieu, and Carl Linnaeus were considered ________, according to the narrator in Chapter 5.
(a) Podiatrists.
(b) Cardiologists.
(c) Naturalists.
(d) Zoologists.

4. In Chapter 5, who analyzed the mechanics of the muscles and skeleton of the human body and tried to explain muscular contraction as a hydraulic or mechanical inflation of the tissue?
(a) Boyle.
(b) Grew.
(c) Borelli.
(d) Descartes.

5. The beginning of Chapter 6 states that the following were traditional judicial bodies that claimed the right to approve taxes except for which one?
(a) The parlement.
(b) The clergy.
(c) The governor.
(d) The nobility.

Short Answer Questions

1. In 1660, Robert Boyle published an account of experiments that he had performed with his ________, according to the narrator in Chapter 4.

2. In his dialogue "D'Alembert's Dream," Diderot brought together the ideas of all of the following individuals except for whom?

3. D'Alembert, in 1754, through the machinations of his powerful patroness, the ________, became part of the literary French Academy.

4. The narrator explained in Chapter 4 that there was very little in Lavoisier's activities prior to 1772 that revealed any interest in ________.

5. What was the name of the psychological explanation Buffon gave which are essentially the judgments made by men in taking risks, depending on the psychology of the individual balancing hope of gain against fear of loss?

Short Essay Questions

1. Discuss Montesquieu's fourteenth book of the "Spirit of the Laws."

2. Discuss the rise of experimental physiology in the 1740s.

3. Describe the three primary kinds of governments Montesquieu distinguished between in Chapter 6.

4. Briefly discuss Du Pont de Nemours as described in Chapter 6.

5. What did Descartes conclude about mechanical philosophy and the study of life?

6. What were a couple ways to promote the science of man according to Chapter 6?

7. What was Turgot's theory of expansibility?

8. What was the medical purpose of Black's research in gas chemistry? Explain.

9. Discuss Abraham Trembley's discovery of generation.

10. What was the "Encyclopedie"?

(see the answer keys)

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