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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Chapter 6 explains that ________ created the first stirrings of Romanticism.
(a) Newton.
(b) Darwin.
(c) Bayle.
(d) Rousseau.

2. The reintroduction of atomism into chemistry was accomplished by a meteorologist, ________, who became a chemist only when he saw the implications for chemistry of his ideas about the atmosphere.
(a) Berthollet.
(b) Lavoisier.
(c) Black.
(d) John Dalton.

3. In Chapter 4, who found that many liquids cooled on evaporation: the more volatile the liquid, the greater the amount of cooling?
(a) Wallerius.
(b) Cullen.
(c) Black.
(d) Nollet.

4. In attempting to understand the role of air in combustion and calcination, Lavoisier extended ________'s theory of the vaporous state into chemistry.
(a) Macquer.
(b) Bayen.
(c) Black.
(d) Turgot.

5. Early in the seventeenth century ________ urged the creation of a great dictionary that would bring together in an orderly fashion all of the practical knowledge that was known only to craftsmen in their respective trades.
(a) Montesquieu.
(b) D'Alembert.
(c) Bacon.
(d) Chambers.

Short Answer Questions

1. The first mortality tables from which life insurance premiums could be calculated were constructed just at the end of the ________ century.

2. Who concluded in Chapter 6 that "where experiments {from cautious observations of human life} are judiciously collected and compared, we may hope to establish on them a science, which will not be inferior in certainty, and will be much superior in utility to any other of human comprehension"?

3. According to the narrator in Chapter 6, societies modeled after the Royal Society were founded at the following locations, except for which one?

4. According to the narrator in Chapter 6, what where the two great national academies that were the models on which the new academies of the eighteenth century were founded?

5. As a mathematician and rigorous metaphysician, ________ believed that the universe in all past, present, and future states followed a "preestablished harmony" laid down by God at the time of creation.

Short Essay Questions

1. What were the four fragments of knowledge that probably contributed to Lavoisier's inspiration to research combustion?

2. Explain how probability as human judgment was important in law and in commercial transactions.

3. Briefly discuss Du Pont de Nemours as described in Chapter 6.

4. Discuss Montesquieu's fourteenth book of the "Spirit of the Laws."

5. What is natural history? What does natural mean in the Aristotelian sense?

6. What was Turgot's theory of expansibility?

7. Briefly explain Joseph Black as described in Chapter 4.

8. Briefly discuss Georg Stahl and his impact on living matter.

9. What did Descartes conclude about mechanical philosophy and the study of life?

10. Discuss natural history's rebirth in the late seventeenth century.

(see the answer keys)

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