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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Chapter 5 reveals that in ________, natural theology declined after 1750 as a result of the anti-religious sentiment of the Enlightenment.
(a) England.
(b) Germany.
(c) America.
(d) France.

2. Lavoisier, along with the chemists Macquer, Cadet, and Brisson, performed experiments on ________ at the highest temperature available.
(a) Diamonds.
(b) Magnets.
(c) Gold.
(d) Rubies.

3. The search for a science of man began in the ________ century and was closely associated with the new experimental philosophy.
(a) 17th.
(b) 20th.
(c) 13th.
(d) 18th.

4. The ________ class in France was composed of those who manufactured and distributed goods made from the raw materials produced by the productive class.
(a) Huygen.
(b) Pascal.
(c) Quesnay.
(d) Artisan.

5. ________ theory entered into law not only in the making of contracts but also in the determination of guilt and innocence.
(a) Chaos.
(b) Quantum.
(c) Matrix.
(d) Probability.

Short Answer Questions

1. Who concluded in Chapter 6 that "where experiments {from cautious observations of human life} are judiciously collected and compared, we may hope to establish on them a science, which will not be inferior in certainty, and will be much superior in utility to any other of human comprehension"?

2. Chapter 6 explains ________ requires a science of man that uses methods comparable to those of the physical sciences.

3. The Berlin Academy of Sciences was founded in 1700 but achieved little until it was reorganized in 1743 on the Parisian model by ________.

4. Before 1740, the standard authorities in physiology were all of the following individuals except for whom?

5. Who, as both a chemist and a physician, was the first to criticize mechanistic explanations while his books on chemistry and physiology influenced Europe?

Short Essay Questions

1. What were the three main ingredients of the Chemical Revolution?

2. Explain the importance of electricity producing muscle contractions.

3. Briefly discuss Du Pont de Nemours as described in Chapter 6.

4. Briefly explain John Mayow's experiment with a vacuum pump as described in chapter 4.

5. Explain why the Chemical Revolution was more the creation of a new science than a change in an existing one.

6. In what ways was the theory of epigenesis sophisticated?

7. Discuss the rise of experimental physiology in the 1740s.

8. Briefly discuss Jean Senebier's interpretation of Ingen-Housz's explanation of how plants produced oxygen.

9. What is natural history? What does natural mean in the Aristotelian sense?

10. Discuss Abraham Trembley's discovery of generation.

(see the answer keys)

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