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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The following were the three primary kinds of government Montesquieu distinguished between in Chapter 6 except for which one?
(a) Parliment.
(b) Democracy.
(c) Monarchy.
(d) Despotism.

2. Before 1740, the standard authorities in physiology were all of the following individuals except for whom?
(a) Boerhaave.
(b) Borelli.
(c) Bellini.
(d) Newton.

3. The crucial realization of the Chemical Revolution was that ________ was not a single element but a physical state that many chemical substances could assume, according to Chapter 4.
(a) Earth.
(b) Air.
(c) Wind.
(d) Fire.

4. Chapter 5 states that the property of "irritability" had first been recognized by ________, who used it to explain why the gall bladder does not discharge bile into the intestines constantly but only when bile is needed.
(a) Haller.
(b) Hoffmann.
(c) Bordue.
(d) Glisson.

5. Chapter 5 states that ________ means an inquiry or investigation into nature.
(a) Natural history.
(b) Naturology.
(c) Neurology.
(d) Physiology.

Short Answer Questions

1. According to the narrator in Chapter 6, who coined the term physiocratie?

2. The beginning of Chapter 6 states that the following were traditional judicial bodies that claimed the right to approve taxes except for which one?

3. Who was the most important German chemist, whose papers in the "Memoires" of the Berlin Academy, during the 1740s and 1750s, earned the admiration of the French chemists?

4. In Chapter 5, who adopted a theory of generation similar to that of Maupertuis and in his second volume of his "Natural History," he brought forward his theory of organic molecules, interior mold, and penetrating force?

5. The period that we call the Enlightenment ended with whom according to the narrator in Chapter 6?

Short Essay Questions

1. Discuss Turgot's version of the science of man.

2. Discuss Abraham Trembley's discovery of generation.

3. What did Descartes conclude about mechanical philosophy and the study of life?

4. Explain why the Chemical Revolution was more the creation of a new science than a change in an existing one.

5. Briefly explain Joseph Priestley and his contribution to gas chemistry.

6. What was Turgot's theory of expansibility?

7. What were a couple ways to promote the science of man according to Chapter 6?

8. Briefly discuss Jean Senebier's interpretation of Ingen-Housz's explanation of how plants produced oxygen.

9. What two other academic chores brought the problem of combustion to Lavoisier's attention?

10. Describe the three primary kinds of governments Montesquieu distinguished between in Chapter 6.

(see the answer keys)

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