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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. According to the narrator in Chapter 4, ________ and ________ were closely associated because they were still based to a large extent on the concept of the Aristotelian elements: earth, water, air, and fire.
(a) Geology / geography.
(b) Zoology / biology.
(c) Biology / geography.
(d) Chemistry / experimental physics.

2. Chapter 5 states that the property of "irritability" had first been recognized by ________, who used it to explain why the gall bladder does not discharge bile into the intestines constantly but only when bile is needed.
(a) Glisson.
(b) Hoffmann.
(c) Bordue.
(d) Haller.

3. D'Alembert, in 1754, through the machinations of his powerful patroness, the ________, became part of the literary French Academy.
(a) Deffand.
(b) Condorcet.
(c) Black.
(d) Rousseau.

4. What was Diderot's first philosophical work, according to the narrator in Chapter 5?
(a) Philosophical Thoughts.
(b) The Letter on the Blind.
(c) On the Interpretation of Nature.
(d) Encyclopedie.

5. The influx of German texts coincided with the revival of French chemistry under ________, who began his famous chemical lectures at the Jardin de Roi in 1742.
(a) Lemery.
(b) Juncker.
(c) D'Holbach.
(d) Rouelle.

Short Answer Questions

1. Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, Antoine de Jussieu, and Carl Linnaeus were considered ________, according to the narrator in Chapter 5.

2. According to the narrator in Chapter 6, societies modeled after the Royal Society were founded at the following locations, except for which one?

3. Chapter 5 states that ________ means an inquiry or investigation into nature.

4. Early in the seventeenth century ________ urged the creation of a great dictionary that would bring together in an orderly fashion all of the practical knowledge that was known only to craftsmen in their respective trades.

5. Who confirmed Reaumur's experiments, did others on the digestive action of saliva, and performed the experiments on himself?

Short Essay Questions

1. What was the medical purpose of Black's research in gas chemistry? Explain.

2. Discuss natural history's rebirth in the late seventeenth century.

3. Briefly explain Joseph Priestley and his contribution to gas chemistry.

4. Discuss Turgot's version of the science of man.

5. Discuss Regnier de Graaf's experiments on digestive fluids.

6. What two other academic chores brought the problem of combustion to Lavoisier's attention?

7. In what ways was the theory of epigenesis sophisticated?

8. Explain how probability as human judgment was important in law and in commercial transactions.

9. Briefly discuss Georg Stahl and his impact on living matter.

10. Who were the physiocrats? Explain.

(see the answer keys)

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