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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In Chapter 4, the narrator reveals that Anne Robert Jacques Turgot was a famous French ________.
(a) Public servant.
(b) Chemist.
(c) Physicist.
(d) Philosopher.

2. What was Diderot's first philosophical work, according to the narrator in Chapter 5?
(a) The Letter on the Blind.
(b) Encyclopedie.
(c) On the Interpretation of Nature.
(d) Philosophical Thoughts.

3. Before 1740, the standard authorities in physiology were all of the following individuals except for whom?
(a) Boerhaave.
(b) Bellini.
(c) Borelli.
(d) Newton.

4. In 1757, thirty years after Hales described his experiments with ________, Joseph Black discovered the phenomenon of ________.
(a) Volatile liquid / fixed heat.
(b) Fixed air / latent heat.
(c) Vaporization / Dissertation.
(d) Latent heat / Fixed heat.

5. Who was the first person to identify a new air different from common atmospheric air,, in Chapter 4?
(a) Newton.
(b) Lavoisier.
(c) Cullen.
(d) Black.

Short Answer Questions

1. Joseph Black studied ________, which had only recently been used as a medicine, according to Chapter 4.

2. According to the narrator in Chapter 4, ________ and ________ were closely associated because they were still based to a large extent on the concept of the Aristotelian elements: earth, water, air, and fire.

3. D'Alembert, in 1754, through the machinations of his powerful patroness, the ________, became part of the literary French Academy.

4. Of all the prize papers, Rousseau's ________, written for the prize offered by the Dijon Academy in 1750, has had the most lasting fame, according to the narrator in Chapter 6.

5. According to the narrator at the beginning of Chapter 5, this chapter is about the world of living things and could be called ________, except as a word and as a discipline, it did not appear until the very end of the eighteenth century.

Short Essay Questions

1. Discuss Abraham Trembley's discovery of generation.

2. Discuss the three social classes in France as described in Chapter 6.

3. Discuss Regnier de Graaf's experiments on digestive fluids.

4. Briefly explain Joseph Black as described in Chapter 4.

5. Explain how probability as human judgment was important in law and in commercial transactions.

6. What was Turgot's theory of expansibility?

7. What was the medical purpose of Black's research in gas chemistry? Explain.

8. Briefly discuss Georg Stahl and his impact on living matter.

9. What is natural history? What does natural mean in the Aristotelian sense?

10. What were the three main ingredients of the Chemical Revolution?

(see the answer keys)

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