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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. ________ theory entered into law not only in the making of contracts but also in the determination of guilt and innocence.
(a) Quantum.
(b) Probability.
(c) Matrix.
(d) Chaos.

2. In attempting to understand the role of air in combustion and calcination, Lavoisier extended ________'s theory of the vaporous state into chemistry.
(a) Macquer.
(b) Black.
(c) Bayen.
(d) Turgot.

3. In Chapter 5, Ingen-Housz was able to show in his "Experiments on Vegetables" that it was ________ not ________, that was essential for the production of oxygen by the leaves.
(a) Heat / fertilizer.
(b) Sunlight / heat.
(c) Sunlight / air.
(d) Fertilizer / water.

4. What was Diderot's first philosophical work, according to the narrator in Chapter 5?
(a) Philosophical Thoughts.
(b) On the Interpretation of Nature.
(c) The Letter on the Blind.
(d) Encyclopedie.

5. In Chapter 5, ________ and ________ found freshwater worms regenerated in the same fashion, and since worms were definitely animals, previous doubts about the animality of the polyp lost their force.
(a) Reaumur / Bonnet.
(b) La Mettrie / Diderot.
(c) Leeuwenhoek / Hartsoeker.
(d) Trembley / Hertwig.

Short Answer Questions

1. Haller carried out his famous investigations into the sensibility and irritability of __________, according to Chapter 5.

2. What was the name of the leader of the natural history revival in England and the best naturalist of his age, according to the narrator in Chapter 5?

3. According to the narrator in Chapter 4, who was the most successful searcher for "airs"?

4. According to the narrator in Chapter 6, what where the two great national academies that were the models on which the new academies of the eighteenth century were founded?

5. The first mortality tables from which life insurance premiums could be calculated were constructed just at the end of the ________ century.

Short Essay Questions

1. Discuss the rise of experimental physiology in the 1740s.

2. Briefly explain John Mayow's experiment with a vacuum pump as described in chapter 4.

3. Explain why the Chemical Revolution was more the creation of a new science than a change in an existing one.

4. Explain the common property air and fire both shared.

5. What were the four fragments of knowledge that probably contributed to Lavoisier's inspiration to research combustion?

6. Briefly discuss the two great national academies that were the models on which the new academies of the eighteenth century were founded.

7. Discuss Regnier de Graaf's experiments on digestive fluids.

8. Discuss Turgot's version of the science of man.

9. Briefly discuss Georg Stahl and his impact on living matter.

10. Discuss Abraham Trembley's discovery of generation.

(see the answer keys)

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