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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Chapter 5 states that the property of "irritability" had first been recognized by ________, who used it to explain why the gall bladder does not discharge bile into the intestines constantly but only when bile is needed.
(a) Glisson.
(b) Hoffmann.
(c) Haller.
(d) Bordue.

2. Who concluded in Chapter 6 that "where experiments {from cautious observations of human life} are judiciously collected and compared, we may hope to establish on them a science, which will not be inferior in certainty, and will be much superior in utility to any other of human comprehension"?
(a) Bayle.
(b) Montesquieu.
(c) Voltaire.
(d) Hume.

3. The beginning of Chapter 6 states that the following were traditional judicial bodies that claimed the right to approve taxes except for which one?
(a) The nobility.
(b) The parlement.
(c) The governor.
(d) The clergy.

4. The search for a science of man began in the ________ century and was closely associated with the new experimental philosophy.
(a) 18th.
(b) 17th.
(c) 13th.
(d) 20th.

5. Who confirmed Reaumur's experiments, did others on the digestive action of saliva, and performed the experiments on himself?
(a) Stevens.
(b) Spallanzani.
(c) Van Helmont.
(d) Borelli.

Short Answer Questions

1. According to the narrator at the beginning of Chapter 5, this chapter is about the world of living things and could be called ________, except as a word and as a discipline, it did not appear until the very end of the eighteenth century.

2. In Chapter 5, who wrote, "We may conclude that the organs of the body have not always existed, but have been formed successively - no matter how this formation has been brought about"?

3. In Chapter 5, Ingen-Housz was able to show in his "Experiments on Vegetables" that it was ________ not ________, that was essential for the production of oxygen by the leaves.

4. Chapter 6 explains that ________ created the first stirrings of Romanticism.

5. The narrator in Chapter 6 explains that ________ is a function of the tension or lassitude of the "fibers" that compose the body.

Short Essay Questions

1. What was the medical purpose of Black's research in gas chemistry? Explain.

2. Who were the physiocrats? Explain.

3. What is natural history? What does natural mean in the Aristotelian sense?

4. Discuss the three social classes in France as described in Chapter 6.

5. Describe the three primary kinds of governments Montesquieu distinguished between in Chapter 6.

6. Discuss Regnier de Graaf's experiments on digestive fluids.

7. Briefly explain Joseph Black as described in Chapter 4.

8. Briefly discuss Georg Stahl and his impact on living matter.

9. Discuss natural history's rebirth in the late seventeenth century.

10. Briefly explain Joseph Priestley and his contribution to gas chemistry.

(see the answer keys)

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