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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Joseph Priestly and Henry Cavendish continued to use the term ________ for the action of fire in combustion, in Chapter 4.
(a) Vaporous.
(b) Succumb.
(c) Aeriform.
(d) Phlogiston.

2. Harvey followed the Aristotelian notion that the embryo began as a homogeneous mass and that the organs formed one after another from this homogeneous substance in a process called ________.
(a) Epigenesis.
(b) Zygosis.
(c) Symbiosis.
(d) Agenesis.

3. Who called natural history the "great root and mother" of all the sciences and made it the indispensable prelude to his experimental philosophy in Chapter 5?
(a) Newton.
(b) Bacon.
(c) Franklin.
(d) Lavoisier.

4. Before 1740, the standard authorities in physiology were all of the following individuals except for whom?
(a) Borelli.
(b) Boerhaave.
(c) Newton.
(d) Bellini.

5. The narrator reveals that Lavoisier heated water gently for ________days in a "pelican," an apparatus for constant distillation in which the water evaporates, then condenses, and finally runs back to be evaporated again.
(a) 90.
(b) 101.
(c) 365.
(d) 30.

Short Answer Questions

1. The first mortality tables from which life insurance premiums could be calculated were constructed just at the end of the ________ century.

2. D'Alembert, in 1754, through the machinations of his powerful patroness, the ________, became part of the literary French Academy.

3. The following were the three primary kinds of government Montesquieu distinguished between in Chapter 6 except for which one?

4. Joseph Black studied chemistry with ________ at Glasgow, serving for three years as his assistant, according to Chapter 4.

5. The mathematical study of probability had begun in 1654 in a correspondence between ________ and ________.

Short Essay Questions

1. Briefly discuss Georg Stahl and his impact on living matter.

2. Discuss Regnier de Graaf's experiments on digestive fluids.

3. What did Descartes conclude about mechanical philosophy and the study of life?

4. Explain why the Chemical Revolution was more the creation of a new science than a change in an existing one.

5. Discuss Abraham Trembley's discovery of generation.

6. Discuss Montesquieu's fourteenth book of the "Spirit of the Laws."

7. What was Turgot's theory of expansibility?

8. Describe the three primary kinds of governments Montesquieu distinguished between in Chapter 6.

9. Briefly discuss the two great national academies that were the models on which the new academies of the eighteenth century were founded.

10. Briefly explain John Mayow's experiment with a vacuum pump as described in chapter 4.

(see the answer keys)

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