View a FREE sample

This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What was the name of the psychological explanation Buffon gave which are essentially the judgments made by men in taking risks, depending on the psychology of the individual balancing hope of gain against fear of loss?
(a) Speculative reason.
(b) Manifolds.
(c) Moral probabilities.
(d) Theory of truth.

2. Georg Stahl renamed the oily earth ________, according to the narrator in Chapter 4.
(a) Memoires.
(b) Subterranean.
(c) Conspectus.
(d) Phlogiston.

3. The narrator reveals that Lavoisier heated water gently for ________days in a "pelican," an apparatus for constant distillation in which the water evaporates, then condenses, and finally runs back to be evaporated again.
(a) 90.
(b) 365.
(c) 101.
(d) 30.

4. Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, Antoine de Jussieu, and Carl Linnaeus were considered ________, according to the narrator in Chapter 5.
(a) Zoologists.
(b) Podiatrists.
(c) Cardiologists.
(d) Naturalists.

5. Who was the most important German chemist, whose papers in the "Memoires" of the Berlin Academy, during the 1740s and 1750s, earned the admiration of the French chemists?
(a) Johann Juncker.
(b) Baron d'Holbach.
(c) Nicolas Lemery.
(d) Andreas Sigismund Marggraf.

Short Answer Questions

1. Before 1740, the standard authorities in physiology were all of the following individuals except for whom?

2. The science of man took several very different directions during the Enlightenment, the most controversial being that of ________.

3. Chapter 5 states that ________ means an inquiry or investigation into nature.

4. In 1728, what was the name of the English Quaker who published in London a two-volume "Cyclopaedia" or universal dictionary of the arts and sciences?

5. Who concluded in Chapter 6 that "where experiments {from cautious observations of human life} are judiciously collected and compared, we may hope to establish on them a science, which will not be inferior in certainty, and will be much superior in utility to any other of human comprehension"?

Short Essay Questions

1. What were a couple ways to promote the science of man according to Chapter 6?

2. Briefly discuss Jean Senebier's interpretation of Ingen-Housz's explanation of how plants produced oxygen.

3. In what ways was the theory of epigenesis sophisticated?

4. Discuss the three social classes in France as described in Chapter 6.

5. What was Turgot's theory of expansibility?

6. Briefly explain John Mayow's experiment with a vacuum pump as described in chapter 4.

7. What were the three main ingredients of the Chemical Revolution?

8. Briefly discuss Du Pont de Nemours as described in Chapter 6.

9. Who were the physiocrats? Explain.

10. Explain why the Chemical Revolution was more the creation of a new science than a change in an existing one.

(see the answer keys)

This section contains 858 words (approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page) View a FREE sample