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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In 1688, who had shown that the insect larva, pupa, and imago can exist simultaneously, all nested one within the other?
(a) Hertwig.
(b) Malebranche.
(c) Von Baer.
(d) Swammerdam.

2. Chapter 6 explains that ________ created the first stirrings of Romanticism.
(a) Darwin.
(b) Newton.
(c) Rousseau.
(d) Bayle.

3. The influx of German texts coincided with the revival of French chemistry under ________, who began his famous chemical lectures at the Jardin de Roi in 1742.
(a) Juncker.
(b) Lemery.
(c) D'Holbach.
(d) Rouelle.

4. According to the narrator in Chapter 4, ________ and ________ were closely associated because they were still based to a large extent on the concept of the Aristotelian elements: earth, water, air, and fire.
(a) Zoology / biology.
(b) Chemistry / experimental physics.
(c) Geology / geography.
(d) Biology / geography.

5. Saussure found that plants grow better in an atmosphere rich in fixed air, up to a concentration of approximately ________ percent.
(a) 75.
(b) 90.
(c) 8.
(d) 30.

Short Answer Questions

1. Who argued in Chapter 6 that although men did not enjoy equal abilities, they did have the same natural rights, and it was therefore incumbent on the government to allow individuals to pursue their own best interests to the extent that they could without infringing on the natural rights of others?

2. In Chapter 4, the narrator reveals that Anne Robert Jacques Turgot was a famous French ________.

3. Chapter 5 states that ________ means an inquiry or investigation into nature.

4. In Chapter 5, ________ and ________ found freshwater worms regenerated in the same fashion, and since worms were definitely animals, previous doubts about the animality of the polyp lost their force.

5. What was the name of the psychological explanation Buffon gave which are essentially the judgments made by men in taking risks, depending on the psychology of the individual balancing hope of gain against fear of loss?

Short Essay Questions

1. Discuss Turgot's version of the science of man.

2. Explain how probability as human judgment was important in law and in commercial transactions.

3. What two other academic chores brought the problem of combustion to Lavoisier's attention?

4. Briefly discuss the two great national academies that were the models on which the new academies of the eighteenth century were founded.

5. What was Turgot's theory of expansibility?

6. In what ways was the theory of epigenesis sophisticated?

7. Who were the physiocrats? Explain.

8. Briefly discuss Georg Stahl and his impact on living matter.

9. Discuss Abraham Trembley's discovery of generation.

10. What were the four fragments of knowledge that probably contributed to Lavoisier's inspiration to research combustion?

(see the answer keys)

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