View a FREE sample

This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In 1688, who had shown that the insect larva, pupa, and imago can exist simultaneously, all nested one within the other?
(a) Malebranche.
(b) Swammerdam.
(c) Von Baer.
(d) Hertwig.

2. What was the name of the psychological explanation Buffon gave which are essentially the judgments made by men in taking risks, depending on the psychology of the individual balancing hope of gain against fear of loss?
(a) Moral probabilities.
(b) Speculative reason.
(c) Manifolds.
(d) Theory of truth.

3. What was the name of the leader of the natural history revival in England and the best naturalist of his age, according to the narrator in Chapter 5?
(a) Ray.
(b) Foucault.
(c) Darwin.
(d) Newton.

4. In Chapter 5, who wrote, "We may conclude that the organs of the body have not always existed, but have been formed successively - no matter how this formation has been brought about"?
(a) Leibniz.
(b) Spallanzani.
(c) Haller.
(d) Wolff.

5. The narrator explained in Chapter 4 that there was very little in Lavoisier's activities prior to 1772 that revealed any interest in ________.
(a) Combustion.
(b) Condensation.
(c) Evaporation.
(d) Distillation.

Short Answer Questions

1. Natural theology in England continued well into the nineteenth century, where it finally encountered its nemesis in ________, according to the narrator in Chapter 5.

2. Who was the most important German chemist, whose papers in the "Memoires" of the Berlin Academy, during the 1740s and 1750s, earned the admiration of the French chemists?

3. Harvey followed the Aristotelian notion that the embryo began as a homogeneous mass and that the organs formed one after another from this homogeneous substance in a process called ________.

4. The first mortality tables from which life insurance premiums could be calculated were constructed just at the end of the ________ century.

5. The influx of German texts coincided with the revival of French chemistry under ________, who began his famous chemical lectures at the Jardin de Roi in 1742.

Short Essay Questions

1. Explain the common property air and fire both shared.

2. What were the four fragments of knowledge that probably contributed to Lavoisier's inspiration to research combustion?

3. Briefly explain Joseph Black as described in Chapter 4.

4. Discuss Turgot's version of the science of man.

5. Discuss Regnier de Graaf's experiments on digestive fluids.

6. What two other academic chores brought the problem of combustion to Lavoisier's attention?

7. Explain how probability as human judgment was important in law and in commercial transactions.

8. What were the three main ingredients of the Chemical Revolution?

9. Briefly discuss the two great national academies that were the models on which the new academies of the eighteenth century were founded.

10. Briefly explain John Mayow's experiment with a vacuum pump as described in chapter 4.

(see the answer keys)

This section contains 1,001 words (approx. 4 pages at 300 words per page) View a FREE sample