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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. D'Alembert, in 1754, through the machinations of his powerful patroness, the ________, became part of the literary French Academy.
(a) Rousseau.
(b) Deffand.
(c) Black.
(d) Condorcet.

2. Chapter 6 explains ________ requires a science of man that uses methods comparable to those of the physical sciences.
(a) Scientology.
(b) Social science.
(c) Philosophy.
(d) Psychology.

3. Chapter 5 reveals that in ________, natural theology declined after 1750 as a result of the anti-religious sentiment of the Enlightenment.
(a) Germany.
(b) America.
(c) England.
(d) France.

4. The search for a science of man began in the ________ century and was closely associated with the new experimental philosophy.
(a) 18th.
(b) 20th.
(c) 13th.
(d) 17th.

5. Acknowledging the existence of the gaseous states was a prerequisite for explaining combustion, the central problem of the ________, according to the narrator in chapter 4.
(a) Scientific Revolution.
(b) French Revolution.
(c) Industrial Revolution.
(d) Chemical Revolution.

Short Answer Questions

1. Van Helmont had proposed an ________ in the stomach that he believed to be the innermost essence of life and that acted by fermentation.

2. Who saw his physiology as an animata anatome, an experimental science that investigated and explained the special properties and functions of living matter without going beyond the information obtained from the senses?

3. The narrator reveals that Lavoisier heated water gently for ________days in a "pelican," an apparatus for constant distillation in which the water evaporates, then condenses, and finally runs back to be evaporated again.

4. In 1688, who had shown that the insect larva, pupa, and imago can exist simultaneously, all nested one within the other?

5. According to the narrator in Chapter 6, who coined the term physiocratie?

Short Essay Questions

1. Explain the common property air and fire both shared.

2. Discuss the three social classes in France as described in Chapter 6.

3. What was Turgot's theory of expansibility?

4. Briefly explain John Mayow's experiment with a vacuum pump as described in chapter 4.

5. Briefly explain Joseph Black as described in Chapter 4.

6. What were the three main ingredients of the Chemical Revolution?

7. Briefly discuss Du Pont de Nemours as described in Chapter 6.

8. Briefly discuss the two great national academies that were the models on which the new academies of the eighteenth century were founded.

9. Discuss the rise of experimental physiology in the 1740s.

10. Briefly explain Joseph Priestley and his contribution to gas chemistry.

(see the answer keys)

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