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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Early in the seventeenth century ________ urged the creation of a great dictionary that would bring together in an orderly fashion all of the practical knowledge that was known only to craftsmen in their respective trades.
(a) Montesquieu.
(b) D'Alembert.
(c) Bacon.
(d) Chambers.

2. The narrator in Chapter 6 explains that ________ is a function of the tension or lassitude of the "fibers" that compose the body.
(a) Temperment.
(b) Depression.
(c) Stress.
(d) Humility.

3. The influx of German texts coincided with the revival of French chemistry under ________, who began his famous chemical lectures at the Jardin de Roi in 1742.
(a) Juncker.
(b) Rouelle.
(c) D'Holbach.
(d) Lemery.

4. In Chapter 5, who adopted a theory of generation similar to that of Maupertuis and in his second volume of his "Natural History," he brought forward his theory of organic molecules, interior mold, and penetrating force?
(a) Kolreuter.
(b) Graafian.
(c) Bonnet.
(d) Buffon.

5. According to the narrator in Chapter 4, who was the most successful searcher for "airs"?
(a) Joseph Priestley.
(b) Cavendish.
(c) Joseph Black.
(d) Whytt.

Short Answer Questions

1. In 1660, Robert Boyle published an account of experiments that he had performed with his ________, according to the narrator in Chapter 4.

2. Which of the following Rousseau's book on education begins: "All is good as it leaves the hands of the author of things"?

3. The narrator explained in Chapter 4 that there was very little in Lavoisier's activities prior to 1772 that revealed any interest in ________.

4. The mathematical study of probability had begun in 1654 in a correspondence between ________ and ________.

5. Who was the first person to identify a new air different from common atmospheric air,, in Chapter 4?

Short Essay Questions

1. What were the four fragments of knowledge that probably contributed to Lavoisier's inspiration to research combustion?

2. Discuss Abraham Trembley's discovery of generation.

3. Explain the common property air and fire both shared.

4. Briefly explain Joseph Priestley and his contribution to gas chemistry.

5. Briefly discuss Jean Senebier's interpretation of Ingen-Housz's explanation of how plants produced oxygen.

6. What was the "Encyclopedie"?

7. Discuss the rise of experimental physiology in the 1740s.

8. What were a couple ways to promote the science of man according to Chapter 6?

9. In what ways was the theory of epigenesis sophisticated?

10. Briefly discuss the two great national academies that were the models on which the new academies of the eighteenth century were founded.

(see the answer keys)

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