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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Harvey followed the Aristotelian notion that the embryo began as a homogeneous mass and that the organs formed one after another from this homogeneous substance in a process called ________.
(a) Agenesis.
(b) Symbiosis.
(c) Zygosis.
(d) Epigenesis.

2. The mathematical study of probability had begun in 1654 in a correspondence between ________ and ________.
(a) Locke / Black.
(b) Newton / Darwin.
(c) Pascal / Fermat.
(d) Quesnay / Voltaire.

3. According to the narrator at the beginning of Chapter 5, this chapter is about the world of living things and could be called ________, except as a word and as a discipline, it did not appear until the very end of the eighteenth century.
(a) Zoology.
(b) Oceanography.
(c) Biology.
(d) Geneology.

4. The crucial realization of the Chemical Revolution was that ________ was not a single element but a physical state that many chemical substances could assume, according to Chapter 4.
(a) Earth.
(b) Wind.
(c) Fire.
(d) Air.

5. In Chapter 5, ________ and ________ found freshwater worms regenerated in the same fashion, and since worms were definitely animals, previous doubts about the animality of the polyp lost their force.
(a) Trembley / Hertwig.
(b) La Mettrie / Diderot.
(c) Reaumur / Bonnet.
(d) Leeuwenhoek / Hartsoeker.

6. In February 1744, ________, master apothecary to the French Army, published an article on the red precipitate of mercury "per se" in "Observations sur la physique, sur l'histoire naturelle, et sur les arts."
(a) Turgot.
(b) Lavoisier.
(c) Bayen.
(d) Macquer.

7. Chapter 6 explains ________ requires a science of man that uses methods comparable to those of the physical sciences.
(a) Psychology.
(b) Scientology.
(c) Philosophy.
(d) Social science.

8. Before 1740, the standard authorities in physiology were all of the following individuals except for whom?
(a) Newton.
(b) Boerhaave.
(c) Borelli.
(d) Bellini.

9. According to the narrator in Chapter 4, ________ and ________ were closely associated because they were still based to a large extent on the concept of the Aristotelian elements: earth, water, air, and fire.
(a) Zoology / biology.
(b) Chemistry / experimental physics.
(c) Biology / geography.
(d) Geology / geography.

10. According to the narrator in Chapter 4, who was the most successful searcher for "airs"?
(a) Whytt.
(b) Joseph Black.
(c) Joseph Priestley.
(d) Cavendish.

11. In attempting to understand the role of air in combustion and calcination, Lavoisier extended ________'s theory of the vaporous state into chemistry.
(a) Macquer.
(b) Bayen.
(c) Turgot.
(d) Black.

12. In Chapter 4, Abbe Condillac claimed that ________ was the best language because it had the best symbols.
(a) Japanese.
(b) Algebra.
(c) Sign language.
(d) Chinese.

13. Who called natural history the "great root and mother" of all the sciences and made it the indispensable prelude to his experimental philosophy in Chapter 5?
(a) Newton.
(b) Lavoisier.
(c) Bacon.
(d) Franklin.

14. The search for a science of man began in the ________ century and was closely associated with the new experimental philosophy.
(a) 20th.
(b) 13th.
(c) 18th.
(d) 17th.

15. In Chapter 4, who found that many liquids cooled on evaporation: the more volatile the liquid, the greater the amount of cooling?
(a) Nollet.
(b) Black.
(c) Cullen.
(d) Wallerius.

Short Answer Questions

1. Of all the prize papers, Rousseau's ________, written for the prize offered by the Dijon Academy in 1750, has had the most lasting fame, according to the narrator in Chapter 6.

2. The reintroduction of atomism into chemistry was accomplished by a meteorologist, ________, who became a chemist only when he saw the implications for chemistry of his ideas about the atmosphere.

3. In Chapter 5, who analyzed the mechanics of the muscles and skeleton of the human body and tried to explain muscular contraction as a hydraulic or mechanical inflation of the tissue?

4. In 1728, what was the name of the English Quaker who published in London a two-volume "Cyclopaedia" or universal dictionary of the arts and sciences?

5. According to the narrator in Chapter 6, who coined the term physiocratie?

(see the answer keys)

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