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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Baron d'Holback's "System of Nature" became known as the ________, according to the narrator in Chapter 6.
(a) Atheists' Bible.
(b) Christian Bible.
(c) World Almanac.
(d) Reader's Digest.

2. The ________ greatly increased the demand for certain chemical products, such as alkalis and mineral acids, and the search for improved methods of manufacture resulted in new chemical techniques in metallurgy, ceramics, and textiles, especially in textile dyeing and bleaching.
(a) World War II.
(b) French Revolution.
(c) Great Depression.
(d) Industrial Revolution.

3. When experimentalists studied electricity, the ________ and the ________ were candidates for study because they both appeared to protect themselves electrically.
(a) Electric eel / sensitive plant.
(b) Great white shark / dolphin.
(c) Komodo dragon / sloth.
(d) Leafy seadragon / Hagfish.

4. Acknowledging the existence of the gaseous states was a prerequisite for explaining combustion, the central problem of the ________, according to the narrator in chapter 4.
(a) Industrial Revolution.
(b) Chemical Revolution.
(c) French Revolution.
(d) Scientific Revolution.

5. What was the name of the psychological explanation Buffon gave which are essentially the judgments made by men in taking risks, depending on the psychology of the individual balancing hope of gain against fear of loss?
(a) Theory of truth.
(b) Manifolds.
(c) Speculative reason.
(d) Moral probabilities.

6. Beginning in 1760, all of the following individuals were considered the three best experimentalists of the century who were all drawn to the ovist version of the preformation theory except for which one?
(a) Haller.
(b) Needham.
(c) Spallanzani.
(d) Bonnet.

7. Who argued in Chapter 6 that although men did not enjoy equal abilities, they did have the same natural rights, and it was therefore incumbent on the government to allow individuals to pursue their own best interests to the extent that they could without infringing on the natural rights of others?
(a) La Riviere.
(b) Voltaire.
(c) Quesnay.
(d) Descarte.

8. Haller carried out his famous investigations into the sensibility and irritability of __________, according to Chapter 5.
(a) Water.
(b) Animal tissue.
(c) Plant tissue.
(d) Human tissue.

9. Which of the following Rousseau's book on education begins: "All is good as it leaves the hands of the author of things"?
(a) Search for Truth.
(b) Encyclopedie.
(c) Emile.
(d) Vis Viva.

10. Who was the first person to identify a new air different from common atmospheric air,, in Chapter 4?
(a) Newton.
(b) Black.
(c) Lavoisier.
(d) Cullen.

11. Saussure found that plants grow better in an atmosphere rich in fixed air, up to a concentration of approximately ________ percent.
(a) 30.
(b) 8.
(c) 75.
(d) 90.

12. The narrator in Chapter 6 explains that ________ is a function of the tension or lassitude of the "fibers" that compose the body.
(a) Temperment.
(b) Depression.
(c) Humility.
(d) Stress.

13. Chapter 5 reveals that in ________, natural theology declined after 1750 as a result of the anti-religious sentiment of the Enlightenment.
(a) France.
(b) England.
(c) America.
(d) Germany.

14. Before 1740, the standard authorities in physiology were all of the following individuals except for whom?
(a) Borelli.
(b) Newton.
(c) Boerhaave.
(d) Bellini.

15. In Chapter 5, who analyzed the mechanics of the muscles and skeleton of the human body and tried to explain muscular contraction as a hydraulic or mechanical inflation of the tissue?
(a) Boyle.
(b) Grew.
(c) Borelli.
(d) Descartes.

Short Answer Questions

1. Joseph Black studied ________, which had only recently been used as a medicine, according to Chapter 4.

2. What was the name of the leader of the natural history revival in England and the best naturalist of his age, according to the narrator in Chapter 5?

3. In 1660, Robert Boyle published an account of experiments that he had performed with his ________, according to the narrator in Chapter 4.

4. Electricians in the following countries concluded from their experiments that electrified seeds germinated faster, that electrified plants sent out shoots earlier, and that electrified animals were slightly lighter than non-electrified ones, except for which country?

5. As a mathematician and rigorous metaphysician, ________ believed that the universe in all past, present, and future states followed a "preestablished harmony" laid down by God at the time of creation.

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