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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In attempting to understand the role of air in combustion and calcination, Lavoisier extended ________'s theory of the vaporous state into chemistry.
(a) Macquer.
(b) Black.
(c) Turgot.
(d) Bayen.

2. The narrator explains that the most important elements for the Chemical Revolution were ________ and ________.
(a) Fire / Earth.
(b) Air / Earth.
(c) Air / fire.
(d) Earth / Water.

3. The mathematical study of probability had begun in 1654 in a correspondence between ________ and ________.
(a) Newton / Darwin.
(b) Quesnay / Voltaire.
(c) Locke / Black.
(d) Pascal / Fermat.

4. Who argued in Chapter 6 that although men did not enjoy equal abilities, they did have the same natural rights, and it was therefore incumbent on the government to allow individuals to pursue their own best interests to the extent that they could without infringing on the natural rights of others?
(a) Voltaire.
(b) Quesnay.
(c) La Riviere.
(d) Descarte.

5. Who concluded in Chapter 6 that "where experiments {from cautious observations of human life} are judiciously collected and compared, we may hope to establish on them a science, which will not be inferior in certainty, and will be much superior in utility to any other of human comprehension"?
(a) Voltaire.
(b) Hume.
(c) Bayle.
(d) Montesquieu.

6. Joseph Black studied chemistry with ________ at Glasgow, serving for three years as his assistant, according to Chapter 4.
(a) Turgot.
(b) Hales.
(c) Lavoisier.
(d) Cullen.

7. In Chapter 4, the narrator reveals that Anne Robert Jacques Turgot was a famous French ________.
(a) Philosopher.
(b) Physicist.
(c) Chemist.
(d) Public servant.

8. The search for a science of man began in the ________ century and was closely associated with the new experimental philosophy.
(a) 13th.
(b) 18th.
(c) 20th.
(d) 17th.

9. In 1660, Robert Boyle published an account of experiments that he had performed with his ________, according to the narrator in Chapter 4.
(a) Filter.
(b) Vacuum pump.
(c) Forceps.
(d) Microscope.

10. In Chapter 4, who found that many liquids cooled on evaporation: the more volatile the liquid, the greater the amount of cooling?
(a) Cullen.
(b) Nollet.
(c) Black.
(d) Wallerius.

11. In Chapter 5, who adopted a theory of generation similar to that of Maupertuis and in his second volume of his "Natural History," he brought forward his theory of organic molecules, interior mold, and penetrating force?
(a) Kolreuter.
(b) Graafian.
(c) Bonnet.
(d) Buffon.

12. The narrator explains in Chapter 4 that the most popular textbooks in France during the first half of the eighteenth century were those of ________ and ________.
(a) Stahl / Marggraf / Rouelle.
(b) Cullen / Black.
(c) Roi / Lavoisier.
(d) Boerhaave / Lemery.

13. Harvey followed the Aristotelian notion that the embryo began as a homogeneous mass and that the organs formed one after another from this homogeneous substance in a process called ________.
(a) Epigenesis.
(b) Symbiosis.
(c) Zygosis.
(d) Agenesis.

14. In Chapter 4, Abbe Condillac claimed that ________ was the best language because it had the best symbols.
(a) Algebra.
(b) Sign language.
(c) Chinese.
(d) Japanese.

15. Who opened his "Spirit of the Laws" with a definition of law in Chapter 6?
(a) Rousseau.
(b) Hume.
(c) Montesquieu.
(d) Voltaire.

Short Answer Questions

1. The reintroduction of atomism into chemistry was accomplished by a meteorologist, ________, who became a chemist only when he saw the implications for chemistry of his ideas about the atmosphere.

2. According to the narrator in Chapter 6, societies modeled after the Royal Society were founded at the following locations, except for which one?

3. The narrator explains in Chapter 6 that the ________ believed that the improvement of society could be brought about by making economic activity agree more closely with the laws implanted in nature by Providence.

4. Who was the first person to identify a new air different from common atmospheric air,, in Chapter 4?

5. The narrator in Chapter 6 explains that ________ is a function of the tension or lassitude of the "fibers" that compose the body.

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