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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Joseph Black studied ________, which had only recently been used as a medicine, according to Chapter 4.
(a) Limewater.
(b) Carbon monoxide.
(c) Magnesia alba.
(d) Quicklime.

2. Natural theology in England continued well into the nineteenth century, where it finally encountered its nemesis in ________, according to the narrator in Chapter 5.
(a) Cambridge.
(b) Foucault.
(c) Darwin.
(d) Freud.

3. Haller carried out his famous investigations into the sensibility and irritability of __________, according to Chapter 5.
(a) Human tissue.
(b) Plant tissue.
(c) Animal tissue.
(d) Water.

4. The Berlin Academy of Sciences was founded in 1700 but achieved little until it was reorganized in 1743 on the Parisian model by ________.
(a) Vladimir Lenin.
(b) Cassius Clay.
(c) Frederick the Great.
(d) Walt Whitman.

5. Chapter 5 reveals that in ________, natural theology declined after 1750 as a result of the anti-religious sentiment of the Enlightenment.
(a) France.
(b) Germany.
(c) England.
(d) America.

6. The narrator explained in Chapter 4 that there was very little in Lavoisier's activities prior to 1772 that revealed any interest in ________.
(a) Distillation.
(b) Evaporation.
(c) Combustion.
(d) Condensation.

7. Who was the most important German chemist, whose papers in the "Memoires" of the Berlin Academy, during the 1740s and 1750s, earned the admiration of the French chemists?
(a) Andreas Sigismund Marggraf.
(b) Baron d'Holbach.
(c) Johann Juncker.
(d) Nicolas Lemery.

8. D'Alembert, in 1754, through the machinations of his powerful patroness, the ________, became part of the literary French Academy.
(a) Deffand.
(b) Rousseau.
(c) Black.
(d) Condorcet.

9. Acknowledging the existence of the gaseous states was a prerequisite for explaining combustion, the central problem of the ________, according to the narrator in chapter 4.
(a) Scientific Revolution.
(b) Industrial Revolution.
(c) French Revolution.
(d) Chemical Revolution.

10. Who called natural history the "great root and mother" of all the sciences and made it the indispensable prelude to his experimental philosophy in Chapter 5?
(a) Newton.
(b) Lavoisier.
(c) Franklin.
(d) Bacon.

11. Robert Whytt and Charles Aston studied the properties of ________ and ________ according, to the narrator in Chapter 4.
(a) Magnesium citrate / quicklime.
(b) Lemonlime / electrical heat.
(c) Boiling water / freezing water.
(d) Quicklime / limewater.

12. The narrator in Chapter 6 explains that ________ is a function of the tension or lassitude of the "fibers" that compose the body.
(a) Temperment.
(b) Stress.
(c) Depression.
(d) Humility.

13. Lavoisier, along with the chemists Macquer, Cadet, and Brisson, performed experiments on ________ at the highest temperature available.
(a) Gold.
(b) Diamonds.
(c) Magnets.
(d) Rubies.

14. As a mathematician and rigorous metaphysician, ________ believed that the universe in all past, present, and future states followed a "preestablished harmony" laid down by God at the time of creation.
(a) Buffon.
(b) Bourguet.
(c) Leibniz.
(d) Haller.

15. The crucial realization of the Chemical Revolution was that ________ was not a single element but a physical state that many chemical substances could assume, according to Chapter 4.
(a) Air.
(b) Wind.
(c) Earth.
(d) Fire.

Short Answer Questions

1. Early in the seventeenth century ________ urged the creation of a great dictionary that would bring together in an orderly fashion all of the practical knowledge that was known only to craftsmen in their respective trades.

2. In 1688, who had shown that the insect larva, pupa, and imago can exist simultaneously, all nested one within the other?

3. The beginning of Chapter 6 states that the following were traditional judicial bodies that claimed the right to approve taxes except for which one?

4. The search for a science of man began in the ________ century and was closely associated with the new experimental philosophy.

5. Who argued in Chapter 6 that although men did not enjoy equal abilities, they did have the same natural rights, and it was therefore incumbent on the government to allow individuals to pursue their own best interests to the extent that they could without infringing on the natural rights of others?

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