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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Chapter 5 states that ________ means an inquiry or investigation into nature.
(a) Naturology.
(b) Natural history.
(c) Physiology.
(d) Neurology.

2. Which of the following Rousseau's book on education begins: "All is good as it leaves the hands of the author of things"?
(a) Emile.
(b) Search for Truth.
(c) Encyclopedie.
(d) Vis Viva.

3. The mathematical study of probability had begun in 1654 in a correspondence between ________ and ________.
(a) Quesnay / Voltaire.
(b) Newton / Darwin.
(c) Pascal / Fermat.
(d) Locke / Black.

4. The science of man took several very different directions during the Enlightenment, the most controversial being that of ________.
(a) Condorcet.
(b) Rousseau.
(c) Lavoisier.
(d) Robespierre.

5. The narrator explains that the most important elements for the Chemical Revolution were ________ and ________.
(a) Earth / Water.
(b) Fire / Earth.
(c) Air / Earth.
(d) Air / fire.

6. Chapter 5 reveals that in ________, natural theology declined after 1750 as a result of the anti-religious sentiment of the Enlightenment.
(a) England.
(b) France.
(c) Germany.
(d) America.

7. In Chapter 4, Abbe Condillac claimed that ________ was the best language because it had the best symbols.
(a) Chinese.
(b) Sign language.
(c) Japanese.
(d) Algebra.

8. Natural theology in England continued well into the nineteenth century, where it finally encountered its nemesis in ________, according to the narrator in Chapter 5.
(a) Cambridge.
(b) Darwin.
(c) Foucault.
(d) Freud.

9. Haller carried out his famous investigations into the sensibility and irritability of __________, according to Chapter 5.
(a) Water.
(b) Animal tissue.
(c) Human tissue.
(d) Plant tissue.

10. In Chapter 4, what is the name of the group of financiers who obtained from the French government the right to collect taxes?
(a) Fixed sum.
(b) Tax lawyer.
(c) Personal tax assistant.
(d) Tax farm.

11. Electricians in the following countries concluded from their experiments that electrified seeds germinated faster, that electrified plants sent out shoots earlier, and that electrified animals were slightly lighter than non-electrified ones, except for which country?
(a) Germany.
(b) England.
(c) France.
(d) America.

12. The period that we call the Enlightenment ended with whom according to the narrator in Chapter 6?
(a) D'Alembert.
(b) Lafayette.
(c) Rousseau.
(d) Condorcet.

13. Joseph Black studied chemistry with ________ at Glasgow, serving for three years as his assistant, according to Chapter 4.
(a) Cullen.
(b) Turgot.
(c) Hales.
(d) Lavoisier.

14. According to the narrator in Chapter 6, the ________ philosophers found their principles in a special human sentiment or intuitive sociability.
(a) American.
(b) French.
(c) Scottish.
(d) Irish.

15. What was the name of the psychological explanation Buffon gave which are essentially the judgments made by men in taking risks, depending on the psychology of the individual balancing hope of gain against fear of loss?
(a) Moral probabilities.
(b) Theory of truth.
(c) Manifolds.
(d) Speculative reason.

Short Answer Questions

1. In 1728, what was the name of the English Quaker who published in London a two-volume "Cyclopaedia" or universal dictionary of the arts and sciences?

2. In attempting to understand the role of air in combustion and calcination, Lavoisier extended ________'s theory of the vaporous state into chemistry.

3. Who opened his "Spirit of the Laws" with a definition of law in Chapter 6?

4. In Chapter 5, ________ and ________ found freshwater worms regenerated in the same fashion, and since worms were definitely animals, previous doubts about the animality of the polyp lost their force.

5. The reintroduction of atomism into chemistry was accomplished by a meteorologist, ________, who became a chemist only when he saw the implications for chemistry of his ideas about the atmosphere.

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