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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The beginning of Chapter 6 states that the following were traditional judicial bodies that claimed the right to approve taxes except for which one?
(a) The nobility.
(b) The parlement.
(c) The clergy.
(d) The governor.

2. The science of man took several very different directions during the Enlightenment, the most controversial being that of ________.
(a) Rousseau.
(b) Lavoisier.
(c) Robespierre.
(d) Condorcet.

3. Who was the first person to identify a new air different from common atmospheric air,, in Chapter 4?
(a) Newton.
(b) Cullen.
(c) Black.
(d) Lavoisier.

4. Natural theology in England continued well into the nineteenth century, where it finally encountered its nemesis in ________, according to the narrator in Chapter 5.
(a) Darwin.
(b) Cambridge.
(c) Freud.
(d) Foucault.

5. In Chapter 5, who wrote, "We may conclude that the organs of the body have not always existed, but have been formed successively - no matter how this formation has been brought about"?
(a) Haller.
(b) Wolff.
(c) Leibniz.
(d) Spallanzani.

6. According to Chapter 4, what is another name for nitrous oxide?
(a) Laughing gas.
(b) Shocking gas.
(c) Tear gas.
(d) Blinding gas.

7. Chapter 6 explains that ________ created the first stirrings of Romanticism.
(a) Newton.
(b) Bayle.
(c) Rousseau.
(d) Darwin.

8. Haller carried out his famous investigations into the sensibility and irritability of __________, according to Chapter 5.
(a) Water.
(b) Human tissue.
(c) Animal tissue.
(d) Plant tissue.

9. Chapter 5 states that ________ means an inquiry or investigation into nature.
(a) Natural history.
(b) Naturology.
(c) Neurology.
(d) Physiology.

10. The narrator reveals that Lavoisier heated water gently for ________days in a "pelican," an apparatus for constant distillation in which the water evaporates, then condenses, and finally runs back to be evaporated again.
(a) 365.
(b) 101.
(c) 90.
(d) 30.

11. What was the name of the psychological explanation Buffon gave which are essentially the judgments made by men in taking risks, depending on the psychology of the individual balancing hope of gain against fear of loss?
(a) Theory of truth.
(b) Moral probabilities.
(c) Manifolds.
(d) Speculative reason.

12. ________ theory entered into law not only in the making of contracts but also in the determination of guilt and innocence.
(a) Chaos.
(b) Quantum.
(c) Probability.
(d) Matrix.

13. According to the narrator in Chapter 6, the ________ philosophers found their principles in a special human sentiment or intuitive sociability.
(a) Scottish.
(b) French.
(c) American.
(d) Irish.

14. Chapter 5 reveals that in ________, natural theology declined after 1750 as a result of the anti-religious sentiment of the Enlightenment.
(a) England.
(b) America.
(c) Germany.
(d) France.

15. Electricians in the following countries concluded from their experiments that electrified seeds germinated faster, that electrified plants sent out shoots earlier, and that electrified animals were slightly lighter than non-electrified ones, except for which country?
(a) America.
(b) England.
(c) Germany.
(d) France.

Short Answer Questions

1. Who argued in Chapter 6 that although men did not enjoy equal abilities, they did have the same natural rights, and it was therefore incumbent on the government to allow individuals to pursue their own best interests to the extent that they could without infringing on the natural rights of others?

2. Acknowledging the existence of the gaseous states was a prerequisite for explaining combustion, the central problem of the ________, according to the narrator in chapter 4.

3. Which of the following Rousseau's book on education begins: "All is good as it leaves the hands of the author of things"?

4. Joseph Black studied ________, which had only recently been used as a medicine, according to Chapter 4.

5. In Chapter 4, Turgot concluded from the experiments of ________ and ________ on evaporation in a vacuum that extensibility was a property not only of air but of all substances in a vaporous state.

(see the answer keys)

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