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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In 1660, Robert Boyle published an account of experiments that he had performed with his ________, according to the narrator in Chapter 4.
(a) Vacuum pump.
(b) Filter.
(c) Microscope.
(d) Forceps.

2. In 1757, thirty years after Hales described his experiments with ________, Joseph Black discovered the phenomenon of ________.
(a) Fixed air / latent heat.
(b) Volatile liquid / fixed heat.
(c) Vaporization / Dissertation.
(d) Latent heat / Fixed heat.

3. In Chapter 5, who adopted a theory of generation similar to that of Maupertuis and in his second volume of his "Natural History," he brought forward his theory of organic molecules, interior mold, and penetrating force?
(a) Bonnet.
(b) Buffon.
(c) Kolreuter.
(d) Graafian.

4. Who, as both a chemist and a physician, was the first to criticize mechanistic explanations while his books on chemistry and physiology influenced Europe?
(a) Shaw.
(b) Stahl.
(c) Cullen.
(d) Hoffmann.

5. In Chapter 5, who wrote, "We may conclude that the organs of the body have not always existed, but have been formed successively - no matter how this formation has been brought about"?
(a) Haller.
(b) Leibniz.
(c) Wolff.
(d) Spallanzani.

6. In February 1744, ________, master apothecary to the French Army, published an article on the red precipitate of mercury "per se" in "Observations sur la physique, sur l'histoire naturelle, et sur les arts."
(a) Turgot.
(b) Macquer.
(c) Lavoisier.
(d) Bayen.

7. Georg Stahl renamed the oily earth ________, according to the narrator in Chapter 4.
(a) Memoires.
(b) Phlogiston.
(c) Conspectus.
(d) Subterranean.

8. The narrator explains in Chapter 4 that the most popular textbooks in France during the first half of the eighteenth century were those of ________ and ________.
(a) Cullen / Black.
(b) Roi / Lavoisier.
(c) Stahl / Marggraf / Rouelle.
(d) Boerhaave / Lemery.

9. Chapter 6 explains that ________ created the first stirrings of Romanticism.
(a) Bayle.
(b) Darwin.
(c) Newton.
(d) Rousseau.

10. Natural theology in England continued well into the nineteenth century, where it finally encountered its nemesis in ________, according to the narrator in Chapter 5.
(a) Cambridge.
(b) Darwin.
(c) Foucault.
(d) Freud.

11. The narrator reveals that Lavoisier heated water gently for ________days in a "pelican," an apparatus for constant distillation in which the water evaporates, then condenses, and finally runs back to be evaporated again.
(a) 101.
(b) 30.
(c) 365.
(d) 90.

12. Who wrote in Chapter 6, "The first man who, having enclosed a piece of land, thought of saying, 'This is mine,' and found people simple enough to believe him, was the true founder of civil society"?
(a) Rousseau.
(b) Voltaire.
(c) Robespierre.
(d) Diderot.

13. Who called natural history the "great root and mother" of all the sciences and made it the indispensable prelude to his experimental philosophy in Chapter 5?
(a) Bacon.
(b) Newton.
(c) Franklin.
(d) Lavoisier.

14. According to the narrator at the beginning of Chapter 5, this chapter is about the world of living things and could be called ________, except as a word and as a discipline, it did not appear until the very end of the eighteenth century.
(a) Oceanography.
(b) Geneology.
(c) Biology.
(d) Zoology.

15. Early in the seventeenth century ________ urged the creation of a great dictionary that would bring together in an orderly fashion all of the practical knowledge that was known only to craftsmen in their respective trades.
(a) Chambers.
(b) Montesquieu.
(c) Bacon.
(d) D'Alembert.

Short Answer Questions

1. Harvey followed the Aristotelian notion that the embryo began as a homogeneous mass and that the organs formed one after another from this homogeneous substance in a process called ________.

2. In Chapter 5, who analyzed the mechanics of the muscles and skeleton of the human body and tried to explain muscular contraction as a hydraulic or mechanical inflation of the tissue?

3. D'Alembert, in 1754, through the machinations of his powerful patroness, the ________, became part of the literary French Academy.

4. In Chapter 4, the narrator reveals that Anne Robert Jacques Turgot was a famous French ________.

5. The following were the three primary kinds of government Montesquieu distinguished between in Chapter 6 except for which one?

(see the answer keys)

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