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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The narrator explains in Chapter 6 that the ________ believed that the improvement of society could be brought about by making economic activity agree more closely with the laws implanted in nature by Providence.
(a) Grains.
(b) Pantisocrat.
(c) Physiocrats.
(d) Fermiers.

2. Electricians in the following countries concluded from their experiments that electrified seeds germinated faster, that electrified plants sent out shoots earlier, and that electrified animals were slightly lighter than non-electrified ones, except for which country?
(a) Germany.
(b) France.
(c) America.
(d) England.

3. Chapter 5 reveals that in ________, natural theology declined after 1750 as a result of the anti-religious sentiment of the Enlightenment.
(a) Germany.
(b) England.
(c) France.
(d) America.

4. In Chapter 5, the most scandalous physiology of all was "Man the Machine" of ________.
(a) Boerhaave.
(b) Shaftesbury.
(c) Vincennes.
(d) La Mettrie.

5. According to the narrator in Chapter 5, who coined the word "spermatozoon" in 1827?
(a) Linnaeus.
(b) Swammerdam.
(c) Hartsoeker.
(d) Von Baer.

6. In Chapter 4, the narrator reveals that Anne Robert Jacques Turgot was a famous French ________.
(a) Chemist.
(b) Physicist.
(c) Public servant.
(d) Philosopher.

7. In Chapter 4, who found that many liquids cooled on evaporation: the more volatile the liquid, the greater the amount of cooling?
(a) Black.
(b) Nollet.
(c) Wallerius.
(d) Cullen.

8. Which of the following Rousseau's book on education begins: "All is good as it leaves the hands of the author of things"?
(a) Search for Truth.
(b) Encyclopedie.
(c) Vis Viva.
(d) Emile.

9. Before 1740, the standard authorities in physiology were all of the following individuals except for whom?
(a) Boerhaave.
(b) Newton.
(c) Bellini.
(d) Borelli.

10. In 1757, thirty years after Hales described his experiments with ________, Joseph Black discovered the phenomenon of ________.
(a) Fixed air / latent heat.
(b) Vaporization / Dissertation.
(c) Volatile liquid / fixed heat.
(d) Latent heat / Fixed heat.

11. Who argued in Chapter 6 that although men did not enjoy equal abilities, they did have the same natural rights, and it was therefore incumbent on the government to allow individuals to pursue their own best interests to the extent that they could without infringing on the natural rights of others?
(a) Quesnay.
(b) Descarte.
(c) Voltaire.
(d) La Riviere.

12. The narrator explains that the most important elements for the Chemical Revolution were ________ and ________.
(a) Fire / Earth.
(b) Air / fire.
(c) Air / Earth.
(d) Earth / Water.

13. According to the narrator in Chapter 6, what where the two great national academies that were the models on which the new academies of the eighteenth century were founded?
(a) International School of Luxembourg / Crossroads Christian Academy.
(b) Royal Society of London / Paris Academy of Science.
(c) International School of Georgia / German School of Athens.
(d) International Bilingual School of Provence / Black Forest Academy.

14. As a mathematician and rigorous metaphysician, ________ believed that the universe in all past, present, and future states followed a "preestablished harmony" laid down by God at the time of creation.
(a) Bourguet.
(b) Leibniz.
(c) Buffon.
(d) Haller.

15. Who, as both a chemist and a physician, was the first to criticize mechanistic explanations while his books on chemistry and physiology influenced Europe?
(a) Stahl.
(b) Hoffmann.
(c) Shaw.
(d) Cullen.

Short Answer Questions

1. Georg Stahl renamed the oily earth ________, according to the narrator in Chapter 4.

2. In Chapter 4, Turgot concluded from the experiments of ________ and ________ on evaporation in a vacuum that extensibility was a property not only of air but of all substances in a vaporous state.

3. In attempting to understand the role of air in combustion and calcination, Lavoisier extended ________'s theory of the vaporous state into chemistry.

4. D'Alembert, in 1754, through the machinations of his powerful patroness, the ________, became part of the literary French Academy.

5. ________ theory entered into law not only in the making of contracts but also in the determination of guilt and innocence.

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