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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Baron d'Holback's "System of Nature" became known as the ________, according to the narrator in Chapter 6.
(a) Christian Bible.
(b) World Almanac.
(c) Atheists' Bible.
(d) Reader's Digest.

2. In Chapter 5, Ingen-Housz was able to show in his "Experiments on Vegetables" that it was ________ not ________, that was essential for the production of oxygen by the leaves.
(a) Heat / fertilizer.
(b) Fertilizer / water.
(c) Sunlight / heat.
(d) Sunlight / air.

3. Van Helmont had proposed an ________ in the stomach that he believed to be the innermost essence of life and that acted by fermentation.
(a) Axolotl.
(b) Myxini.
(c) Archaeus.
(d) Nasalis.

4. In 1688, who had shown that the insect larva, pupa, and imago can exist simultaneously, all nested one within the other?
(a) Malebranche.
(b) Von Baer.
(c) Swammerdam.
(d) Hertwig.

5. Chapter 5 states that ________ means an inquiry or investigation into nature.
(a) Naturology.
(b) Neurology.
(c) Natural history.
(d) Physiology.

6. In Chapter 4, the narrator reveals that Anne Robert Jacques Turgot was a famous French ________.
(a) Chemist.
(b) Philosopher.
(c) Public servant.
(d) Physicist.

7. The search for a science of man began in the ________ century and was closely associated with the new experimental philosophy.
(a) 17th.
(b) 18th.
(c) 13th.
(d) 20th.

8. In February 1744, ________, master apothecary to the French Army, published an article on the red precipitate of mercury "per se" in "Observations sur la physique, sur l'histoire naturelle, et sur les arts."
(a) Lavoisier.
(b) Bayen.
(c) Macquer.
(d) Turgot.

9. In Chapter 5, ________ and ________ found freshwater worms regenerated in the same fashion, and since worms were definitely animals, previous doubts about the animality of the polyp lost their force.
(a) Leeuwenhoek / Hartsoeker.
(b) Reaumur / Bonnet.
(c) La Mettrie / Diderot.
(d) Trembley / Hertwig.

10. Beginning in 1760, all of the following individuals were considered the three best experimentalists of the century who were all drawn to the ovist version of the preformation theory except for which one?
(a) Bonnet.
(b) Needham.
(c) Haller.
(d) Spallanzani.

11. The mathematical study of probability had begun in 1654 in a correspondence between ________ and ________.
(a) Pascal / Fermat.
(b) Newton / Darwin.
(c) Locke / Black.
(d) Quesnay / Voltaire.

12. According to the narrator in Chapter 5, who coined the word "spermatozoon" in 1827?
(a) Linnaeus.
(b) Swammerdam.
(c) Von Baer.
(d) Hartsoeker.

13. The narrator explains that the most important elements for the Chemical Revolution were ________ and ________.
(a) Air / fire.
(b) Fire / Earth.
(c) Earth / Water.
(d) Air / Earth.

14. Robert Whytt and Charles Aston studied the properties of ________ and ________ according, to the narrator in Chapter 4.
(a) Magnesium citrate / quicklime.
(b) Lemonlime / electrical heat.
(c) Boiling water / freezing water.
(d) Quicklime / limewater.

15. ________ theory entered into law not only in the making of contracts but also in the determination of guilt and innocence.
(a) Quantum.
(b) Probability.
(c) Matrix.
(d) Chaos.

Short Answer Questions

1. In Chapter 4, Turgot concluded from the experiments of ________ and ________ on evaporation in a vacuum that extensibility was a property not only of air but of all substances in a vaporous state.

2. Who argued in Chapter 6 that although men did not enjoy equal abilities, they did have the same natural rights, and it was therefore incumbent on the government to allow individuals to pursue their own best interests to the extent that they could without infringing on the natural rights of others?

3. Who saw his physiology as an animata anatome, an experimental science that investigated and explained the special properties and functions of living matter without going beyond the information obtained from the senses?

4. The period that we call the Enlightenment ended with whom according to the narrator in Chapter 6?

5. Joseph Black studied chemistry with ________ at Glasgow, serving for three years as his assistant, according to Chapter 4.

(see the answer keys)

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