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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Who called natural history the "great root and mother" of all the sciences and made it the indispensable prelude to his experimental philosophy in Chapter 5?
(a) Lavoisier.
(b) Bacon.
(c) Franklin.
(d) Newton.

2. Natural theology in England continued well into the nineteenth century, where it finally encountered its nemesis in ________, according to the narrator in Chapter 5.
(a) Cambridge.
(b) Freud.
(c) Darwin.
(d) Foucault.

3. In Chapter 5, who adopted a theory of generation similar to that of Maupertuis and in his second volume of his "Natural History," he brought forward his theory of organic molecules, interior mold, and penetrating force?
(a) Buffon.
(b) Graafian.
(c) Kolreuter.
(d) Bonnet.

4. Chapter 5 reveals that in ________, natural theology declined after 1750 as a result of the anti-religious sentiment of the Enlightenment.
(a) France.
(b) America.
(c) England.
(d) Germany.

5. In Chapter 5, who wrote, "We may conclude that the organs of the body have not always existed, but have been formed successively - no matter how this formation has been brought about"?
(a) Leibniz.
(b) Spallanzani.
(c) Wolff.
(d) Haller.

6. The following were the three primary kinds of government Montesquieu distinguished between in Chapter 6 except for which one?
(a) Democracy.
(b) Monarchy.
(c) Despotism.
(d) Parliment.

7. The ________ class in France was composed of those who manufactured and distributed goods made from the raw materials produced by the productive class.
(a) Quesnay.
(b) Artisan.
(c) Pascal.
(d) Huygen.

8. Robert Whytt and Charles Aston studied the properties of ________ and ________ according, to the narrator in Chapter 4.
(a) Magnesium citrate / quicklime.
(b) Boiling water / freezing water.
(c) Lemonlime / electrical heat.
(d) Quicklime / limewater.

9. The first mortality tables from which life insurance premiums could be calculated were constructed just at the end of the ________ century.
(a) 18th.
(b) 17th.
(c) 20th.
(d) 19th.

10. When experimentalists studied electricity, the ________ and the ________ were candidates for study because they both appeared to protect themselves electrically.
(a) Electric eel / sensitive plant.
(b) Leafy seadragon / Hagfish.
(c) Komodo dragon / sloth.
(d) Great white shark / dolphin.

11. In 1688, who had shown that the insect larva, pupa, and imago can exist simultaneously, all nested one within the other?
(a) Von Baer.
(b) Swammerdam.
(c) Hertwig.
(d) Malebranche.

12. The narrator in Chapter 6 explains that ________ is a function of the tension or lassitude of the "fibers" that compose the body.
(a) Temperment.
(b) Stress.
(c) Humility.
(d) Depression.

13. Joseph Black studied chemistry with ________ at Glasgow, serving for three years as his assistant, according to Chapter 4.
(a) Hales.
(b) Lavoisier.
(c) Turgot.
(d) Cullen.

14. The reintroduction of atomism into chemistry was accomplished by a meteorologist, ________, who became a chemist only when he saw the implications for chemistry of his ideas about the atmosphere.
(a) Berthollet.
(b) Black.
(c) John Dalton.
(d) Lavoisier.

15. All of the following were the leading chemists and medical doctors, according to the beginning of Chapter 4, except for whom?
(a) Stahl.
(b) Rumford.
(c) Black.
(d) Boerhaave.

Short Answer Questions

1. In Chapter 4, Turgot concluded from the experiments of ________ and ________ on evaporation in a vacuum that extensibility was a property not only of air but of all substances in a vaporous state.

2. The campaign of the philosophes to reform the criminal code in France began with the ________ affair.

3. The narrator reveals that Lavoisier heated water gently for ________days in a "pelican," an apparatus for constant distillation in which the water evaporates, then condenses, and finally runs back to be evaporated again.

4. In Chapter 4, who found that many liquids cooled on evaporation: the more volatile the liquid, the greater the amount of cooling?

5. Who, as both a chemist and a physician, was the first to criticize mechanistic explanations while his books on chemistry and physiology influenced Europe?

(see the answer keys)

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