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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The Berlin Academy of Sciences was founded in 1700 but achieved little until it was reorganized in 1743 on the Parisian model by ________.
(a) Walt Whitman.
(b) Frederick the Great.
(c) Cassius Clay.
(d) Vladimir Lenin.

2. In 1728, what was the name of the English Quaker who published in London a two-volume "Cyclopaedia" or universal dictionary of the arts and sciences?
(a) Persia.
(b) Chambers.
(c) Bacon.
(d) Condorcet.

3. Haller carried out his famous investigations into the sensibility and irritability of __________, according to Chapter 5.
(a) Animal tissue.
(b) Water.
(c) Plant tissue.
(d) Human tissue.

4. The influx of German texts coincided with the revival of French chemistry under ________, who began his famous chemical lectures at the Jardin de Roi in 1742.
(a) D'Holbach.
(b) Lemery.
(c) Juncker.
(d) Rouelle.

5. The campaign of the philosophes to reform the criminal code in France began with the ________ affair.
(a) Condorcet.
(b) Calas.
(c) Bernoulli.
(d) Voltaire.

6. In Chapter 4, the narrator reveals that Anne Robert Jacques Turgot was a famous French ________.
(a) Chemist.
(b) Physicist.
(c) Public servant.
(d) Philosopher.

7. In attempting to understand the role of air in combustion and calcination, Lavoisier extended ________'s theory of the vaporous state into chemistry.
(a) Turgot.
(b) Black.
(c) Macquer.
(d) Bayen.

8. The reintroduction of atomism into chemistry was accomplished by a meteorologist, ________, who became a chemist only when he saw the implications for chemistry of his ideas about the atmosphere.
(a) John Dalton.
(b) Lavoisier.
(c) Berthollet.
(d) Black.

9. According to the narrator in Chapter 4, who was the most successful searcher for "airs"?
(a) Cavendish.
(b) Whytt.
(c) Joseph Black.
(d) Joseph Priestley.

10. The narrator explains in Chapter 4 that the most popular textbooks in France during the first half of the eighteenth century were those of ________ and ________.
(a) Roi / Lavoisier.
(b) Stahl / Marggraf / Rouelle.
(c) Cullen / Black.
(d) Boerhaave / Lemery.

11. Chapter 5 states that ________ means an inquiry or investigation into nature.
(a) Physiology.
(b) Natural history.
(c) Neurology.
(d) Naturology.

12. When experimentalists studied electricity, the ________ and the ________ were candidates for study because they both appeared to protect themselves electrically.
(a) Komodo dragon / sloth.
(b) Electric eel / sensitive plant.
(c) Leafy seadragon / Hagfish.
(d) Great white shark / dolphin.

13. Chapter 6 explains that ________ created the first stirrings of Romanticism.
(a) Rousseau.
(b) Bayle.
(c) Newton.
(d) Darwin.

14. Lavoisier, along with the chemists Macquer, Cadet, and Brisson, performed experiments on ________ at the highest temperature available.
(a) Gold.
(b) Magnets.
(c) Diamonds.
(d) Rubies.

15. All of the following were the leading chemists and medical doctors, according to the beginning of Chapter 4, except for whom?
(a) Rumford.
(b) Boerhaave.
(c) Stahl.
(d) Black.

Short Answer Questions

1. According to the narrator in Chapter 5, who coined the word "spermatozoon" in 1827?

2. The first mortality tables from which life insurance premiums could be calculated were constructed just at the end of the ________ century.

3. In Chapter 5, the most scandalous physiology of all was "Man the Machine" of ________.

4. Joseph Black studied chemistry with ________ at Glasgow, serving for three years as his assistant, according to Chapter 4.

5. Before 1740, the standard authorities in physiology were all of the following individuals except for whom?

(see the answer keys)

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