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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The following were the three primary kinds of government Montesquieu distinguished between in Chapter 6 except for which one?
(a) Monarchy.
(b) Democracy.
(c) Parliment.
(d) Despotism.

2. According to the narrator in Chapter 4, ________ and ________ were closely associated because they were still based to a large extent on the concept of the Aristotelian elements: earth, water, air, and fire.
(a) Biology / geography.
(b) Chemistry / experimental physics.
(c) Geology / geography.
(d) Zoology / biology.

3. Who opened his "Spirit of the Laws" with a definition of law in Chapter 6?
(a) Hume.
(b) Montesquieu.
(c) Rousseau.
(d) Voltaire.

4. Early in the seventeenth century ________ urged the creation of a great dictionary that would bring together in an orderly fashion all of the practical knowledge that was known only to craftsmen in their respective trades.
(a) Bacon.
(b) Chambers.
(c) Montesquieu.
(d) D'Alembert.

5. The reintroduction of atomism into chemistry was accomplished by a meteorologist, ________, who became a chemist only when he saw the implications for chemistry of his ideas about the atmosphere.
(a) Black.
(b) Berthollet.
(c) John Dalton.
(d) Lavoisier.

6. The ________ class in France was composed of those who manufactured and distributed goods made from the raw materials produced by the productive class.
(a) Quesnay.
(b) Pascal.
(c) Huygen.
(d) Artisan.

7. The mathematical study of probability had begun in 1654 in a correspondence between ________ and ________.
(a) Locke / Black.
(b) Newton / Darwin.
(c) Pascal / Fermat.
(d) Quesnay / Voltaire.

8. Who was the first person to identify a new air different from common atmospheric air,, in Chapter 4?
(a) Lavoisier.
(b) Black.
(c) Cullen.
(d) Newton.

9. The ________ greatly increased the demand for certain chemical products, such as alkalis and mineral acids, and the search for improved methods of manufacture resulted in new chemical techniques in metallurgy, ceramics, and textiles, especially in textile dyeing and bleaching.
(a) Great Depression.
(b) Industrial Revolution.
(c) World War II.
(d) French Revolution.

10. The influx of German texts coincided with the revival of French chemistry under ________, who began his famous chemical lectures at the Jardin de Roi in 1742.
(a) Juncker.
(b) Rouelle.
(c) Lemery.
(d) D'Holbach.

11. In Chapter 5, who adopted a theory of generation similar to that of Maupertuis and in his second volume of his "Natural History," he brought forward his theory of organic molecules, interior mold, and penetrating force?
(a) Bonnet.
(b) Kolreuter.
(c) Graafian.
(d) Buffon.

12. The narrator explains in Chapter 6 that the ________ believed that the improvement of society could be brought about by making economic activity agree more closely with the laws implanted in nature by Providence.
(a) Pantisocrat.
(b) Fermiers.
(c) Physiocrats.
(d) Grains.

13. Baron d'Holback's "System of Nature" became known as the ________, according to the narrator in Chapter 6.
(a) World Almanac.
(b) Christian Bible.
(c) Reader's Digest.
(d) Atheists' Bible.

14. What was the name of the leader of the natural history revival in England and the best naturalist of his age, according to the narrator in Chapter 5?
(a) Foucault.
(b) Ray.
(c) Darwin.
(d) Newton.

15. According to Chapter 4, what is another name for nitrous oxide?
(a) Shocking gas.
(b) Blinding gas.
(c) Tear gas.
(d) Laughing gas.

Short Answer Questions

1. The narrator explains that the most important elements for the Chemical Revolution were ________ and ________.

2. Lavoisier, along with the chemists Macquer, Cadet, and Brisson, performed experiments on ________ at the highest temperature available.

3. Chapter 6 explains that ________ created the first stirrings of Romanticism.

4. In 1728, what was the name of the English Quaker who published in London a two-volume "Cyclopaedia" or universal dictionary of the arts and sciences?

5. Chapter 6 explains ________ requires a science of man that uses methods comparable to those of the physical sciences.

(see the answer keys)

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