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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Acknowledging the existence of the gaseous states was a prerequisite for explaining combustion, the central problem of the ________, according to the narrator in chapter 4.

2. Lavoisier, along with the chemists Macquer, Cadet, and Brisson, performed experiments on ________ at the highest temperature available.

3. In Chapter 5, who adopted a theory of generation similar to that of Maupertuis and in his second volume of his "Natural History," he brought forward his theory of organic molecules, interior mold, and penetrating force?

4. The mathematical study of probability had begun in 1654 in a correspondence between ________ and ________.

5. Baron d'Holback's "System of Nature" became known as the ________, according to the narrator in Chapter 6.

Short Essay Questions

1. Discuss Regnier de Graaf's experiments on digestive fluids.

2. What is natural history? What does natural mean in the Aristotelian sense?

3. Explain the importance of electricity producing muscle contractions.

4. Who were the physiocrats? Explain.

5. What were the three main ingredients of the Chemical Revolution?

6. Discuss Turgot's version of the science of man.

7. What was the medical purpose of Black's research in gas chemistry? Explain.

8. Briefly discuss Georg Stahl and his impact on living matter.

9. Describe the three primary kinds of governments Montesquieu distinguished between in Chapter 6.

10. Explain why the Chemical Revolution was more the creation of a new science than a change in an existing one.

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Discuss natural history's impact on the field of physiology as detailed in Chapter 5 of "Science and the Enlightenment."

Essay Topic 2

Thoroughly explain why Newton was so important to the Enlightenment.

Essay Topic 3

Explain Lavoisier's rationalization of chemistry. Do you support Lavoisier's rationalization? Why or why not?

(see the answer keys)

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