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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What are two characteristics Erikson applies to the task of the ego in order to maintain and organize its existence?
(a) Demanding and authoritative.
(b) Weak and meaningless.
(c) Ceaseless and essential.
(d) Straightforward and never-ending.

2. As discussed in Chapter 2, who is able to trigger transference of models of identity formation within younger members of society?
(a) Church leaders.
(b) Parents.
(c) Peers.
(d) Self.

3. According to Freud, what is the first stage of identity development called?
(a) Oral stage.
(b) Latent stage.
(c) Phallic stage.
(d) Anal stage.

4. During the third stage of Erikson's theory of development, what may occur if an individual's initiatives or attempts at something continually fail?
(a) Sense of independence.
(b) Compulsions.
(c) Identity confusion.
(d) Sense of guilt.

5. Because the terms "identity" and "identity crisis" are used in such a variety of situations, what have these terms become?
(a) Embedded in society.
(b) Well-defined.
(c) Ritualized.
(d) Coined.

Short Answer Questions

1. What is the definition of "identity" subject to?

2. Why does Erikson warn the reader not to expect any solid development of mythology in terms of integrating the work on identity over the past two decades?

3. As noted in Chapter 2, how can false or inaccurate ego identity formations be corrected after being developed by parents in terms of group identity development?

4. That does introjection mean in terms of Erikson's stages of identity development for groups other than the majority?

5. In developing Erikson' theory of group identity, what two processes must the ego consist of that assist in defining both body in community membership?

Short Essay Questions

1. According to Erikson's discussion in Chapter 4, how might a culture contribute to identity confusion?

2. What does Erikson suggest that historical periods usually offer a limited number of models in order to develop identity?

3. What was Freud's focus of theorizing?

4. How do social scientists attempt to narrow the term identity down?

5. According to Erikson, why is early adolescents signified by feelings of initiative or guilt?

6. Considering group identity developing, in light of Erikson's stages of development, how do individuals make group decisions in order to ease the pressures of making difficult decisions?

7. How does Erikson use child training to describe group identity formation?

8. What is Erikson suggest it is a good thing that the term crisis no longer means solely a bad event?

9. What is Erikson feel that the process of identity formation is the process of increasing differentiation?

10. What does Erikson suggest should our implicit scheme include in addition to growth?

(see the answer keys)

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