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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Without what does Kant say sensations cannot become perceptions?

2. What are the second and third volumes of Spencer's work in 1872?

3. What are the two contrary valuations of human behavior, according to Nietzsche?

4. What effect does Immanuel Kant's work have when it is published in 1781?

5. How is Nietzsche found after he suffers a fit of apoplexy?

Short Essay Questions

1. What is the value Kant sees of the Bible and the churches?

2. Describe briefly Spencer's definition of life.

3. Analyzing religious ideas in First Principles, what does Spencer conclude?

4. How does Schopenhauer illustrate, along with Aristotle, that the power of will drives plants, animals and man?

5. How is Immanuel Kant's work burst on the European consciousness?

6. How does Kant's work ironically work against his stated aim?

7. Explain briefly how Russell became agnostic.

8. Describe the competition between Schopenhauer and Hegel.

9. What is Nietzsche's thought on democracy and Christianity?

10. What select group is Schopenhauer included in during the first half of the 19th century?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Write an essay on Aristotle's idea of the soul as pure thought. In the essay discuss how this concept destroys the soul as it is generally understood in Judeo-Christian-Islamic traditions.

Essay Topic 2

Write an essay on Schopenhauer's contention that character lies in the will and not the intellect. Explain what he means and give your opinion of his conclusion.

Essay Topic 3

Write an essay on religious faith, agnosticism, and atheism. In your essay define each and give examples of philosophers who fit each category. Express your opinion about where you stand on the issue.

(see the answer keys)

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