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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. What bold denial of Kant's is based on reduction of religion to moral faith and hope?

2. What does Bergson uphold that is distinct from the organism, but is limited by its characteristics?

3. To what does Spencer conclude the same principles of evolution in biology also apply?

4. What does Nietzsche he write about in Thus Spake Zarathustra?

5. What, according to Schopenhauer, is the only way to convince someone?

Short Essay Questions

1. How does Kant respond after reading Berkeley, Hume, and Rousseau?

2. Define the contrast between Bergson and Croce.

3. In his The Critique of Pure Reason how does Kant say knowledge comes?

4. How does Schopenhauer's philosophy sound like modern merchandising?

5. How does Kant's work ironically work against his stated aim?

6. Briefly discuss Bergson's idea of creative evolution.

7. What is the implication of Schopenhauer's claim that the world is his idea in his book, The World as Will and Idea?

8. Describe the competition between Schopenhauer and Hegel.

9. What is Nietzsche's thought on democracy and Christianity?

10. What does Nietzsche's first and only completed book prove?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Write an essay on aesthetics, the theory of beauty and art. Include your assessment of why aesthetics is such an important part of philosophy. Discuss the various ways of looking at beauty and art from the study of THE STORY OF PHILOSOPHY.

Essay Topic 2

Write an essay on the hilarious atheism of Nietzsche using lines from the Song of Zarathustra. In your essay point out specific lines from the Song and why they strike you as being humorous.

Essay Topic 3

Write an essay on Spinoza's idea that one thing may be good, bad, or indifferent all at the same time which he illustrates by music. In your essay identify and explain how something like modern electronics may be good, bad, or indifferent all at the same time.

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