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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. How is Nietzsche found after he suffers a fit of apoplexy?

2. Whose mission is it to save religion from reason and science from skepticism?

3. What does Spencer define as the subjective accompaniment of mechanically evolved nerve processes?

4. What does Kant call knowledge that is independent of sense-experience and whose truth is certain before experience?

5. What is Schopenhauer's masterpiece?

Short Essay Questions

1. Briefly describe Spencer's formula of evolution.

2. Briefly discuss Bergson's idea of creative evolution.

3. What is Nietzsche's thought on democracy and Christianity?

4. Define the contrast between Bergson and Croce.

5. How does Nietzsche show his attitude toward religion?

6. In his The Critique of Pure Reason how does Kant say knowledge comes?

7. How does Nietzsche see Christian theology in his day?

8. How does Kant respond after reading Berkeley, Hume, and Rousseau?

9. How does Spencer see his fame?

10. How does Schopenhauer's philosophy sound like modern merchandising?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Write an essay on Schopenhauer's contention that character lies in the will and not the intellect. Explain what he means and give your opinion of his conclusion.

Essay Topic 2

Write an essay on skepticism. Define the term and give examples of ideas philosophers might be skeptical about. Approach this subject objectively showing how skepticism does not only apply to religion but science as well. Use the disagreement over teaching Darwinism in our schools to show skepticism on both sides of the issue.

Essay Topic 3

Write an essay on Aristotle's idea of the soul as pure thought. In the essay discuss how this concept destroys the soul as it is generally understood in Judeo-Christian-Islamic traditions.

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