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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. What early 19th century philosopher is included in a group of pessimists, poets and composers considered the voices of the age?

2. What is the result of Spencer's considering philosophy a generalization of all science?

3. What does Spencer define as the subjective accompaniment of mechanically evolved nerve processes?

4. On what does Spencer say the soul of men living humble and precarious lives relies?

5. As Russell visits China, he develops new perspectives and better understanding of a profounder culture to what effect?

Short Essay Questions

1. How does Kant respond after reading Berkeley, Hume, and Rousseau?

2. Briefly describe Spencer's formula of evolution.

3. How does Nietzsche show his attitude toward religion?

4. Describe Schopenhauer's views of youth and old age.

5. Define the difference between the study of science and the study of social studies and political affairs.

6. Describe Herbert Spencer as a man.

7. How does Nietzsche see Christian theology in his day?

8. Describe the competition between Schopenhauer and Hegel.

9. How does Kant's work ironically work against his stated aim?

10. How does Schopenhauer illustrate, along with Aristotle, that the power of will drives plants, animals and man?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Write an essay on education. Begin with Socrates, Plato's Academy, and Aristotle's Lyceum. Analyze why these were so successful because the select students were there from self-motivation. Include Dewey's vocational education idea. Then give your opinion of education today.

Essay Topic 2

Write an essay on philosopher-kings. Include in your essay the way proponents of philosopher-kings probably saw themselves as able to govern justly. Explain why the theory that sounds well never worked well in reality.

Essay Topic 3

Write an essay on Kant's statement: Morality is not properly the doctrine how we may make ourselves happy, but how we may make ourselves worthy to be happy. Explain what it means and give examples.

(see the answer keys)

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