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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Whose mission is it to save religion from reason and science from skepticism?
(a) Voltaire's
(b) Berkeley's
(c) Kant's
(d) Rousseau's

2. What does Spencer label as the art of methodical self-confusion?
(a) scientology
(b) psychology
(c) frenology
(d) metaphysics

3. Why does Russell visit Russia?
(a) for a first-hand view of a socialist society
(b) for his health
(c) to talk with the common people
(d) to discuss politics

4. What does Kant classify as a result of an oligarchic constitution wherein the spoils of war go to a greedy few?
(a) the militarism of Europe's expansion into America, Africa and Asia
(b) the expansion and conquests of the Prussian regime
(c) the European revolts again divinely appointed kings
(d) the constant religious wars that go on in the world

5. What purpose of Buddhism does Schopenhauer say is superior to Christianity?
(a) destruction of the will
(b) ease of joining the religion
(c) hours of meditation
(d) spiritual revelation

6. What does Kant say divides man into sects that does not join them together?
(a) creed and ritual
(b) authority and legalism
(c) language and custom
(d) fear and suspicion

7. What becomes the Gospel on which Nietzsche's other works comment?
(a) Zarathustra
(b) Wagner
(c) Schopenhauer
(d) himself

8. What is Kant's critical analysis of the moral basis of religion?
(a) The Critique of Scriptures
(b) The Critique of Science
(c) The Critique of Practical Reason
(d) The Critique of Theology

9. What does Spencer call a rationalizing myth for belief that defies conception?
(a) cosmology
(b) geneology
(c) toxicology
(d) theology

10. What does Bergson uphold that is distinct from the organism, but is limited by its characteristics?
(a) pain
(b) eyesight
(c) consciousness
(d) hearing

11. What does Spencer comment on long before Darwin's theory of natural selection becomes popular by the end of the 1800s?
(a) circumnavigation
(b) natural science
(c) evolution
(d) transmigration

12. What is Benedetto Croce's first book about?
(a) social order during wartime
(b) the economics of Karl Marx
(c) the war of 1914
(d) materialism as a mature method of thought

13. What affects Schopenhauer as he travels through France and Austria?
(a) the chaos, poverty, unrest and misery of the towns he visits
(b) the philosophy of the post-revolutionary period
(c) the clashes between the Catholic church and Protestantism
(d) the severe changes in the weather

14. In what work does Spencer freely express his best ideas with suggestive generalization and political philosophy?
(a) The Evolution of Society
(b) The Evolution of Thought
(c) The Evolution of Mind
(d) The Evolution of Life

15. How does Kant classify an action done in accord with one's inner sense of duty?
(a) as habitual
(b) as good
(c) as holy
(d) as isolated

Short Answer Questions

1. What does Schopenhauer see as the cause of strife and misery?

2. What does Kant insist must be absolute and derived only from the inner self by direct perception and intuition?

3. What does Kant set out to prove is innate and does not come from experience?

4. What does Russell conclude is too big for his mathematical formulas?

5. Who leads the popular philosophic community of the early 19th century?

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