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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What does Schopenhauer say the intellect does but the will does not?
(a) works and needs direction
(b) talks and needs listeners
(c) tires and needs sleep
(d) reads and needs instruction

2. Instead of God and heaven, what does Spencer define as life?
(a) desperation and satisfaction
(b) confusion and evolution
(c) equilibration and dissolution
(d) regulation and manumission

3. What does Bergson uphold that is distinct from the organism, but is limited by its characteristics?
(a) eyesight
(b) hearing
(c) pain
(d) consciousness

4. What does Russell conclude is too big for his mathematical formulas?
(a) the world
(b) space
(c) the differences between cultures
(d) philosophy

5. Who is a contemporary of Kant's who writes so as to confound, confuse and attract disciples at the same time?
(a) Rousseau
(b) Voltaire
(c) Hegel
(d) Russell

6. How does Schopenhauer say people rationalize the things they acquire?
(a) reasons are found after getting what is wanted or willed
(b) only wanting things that have a built in reason
(c) a need to keep current in a changing world
(d) reasons are manufactured to suit the climate

7. What are the second and third volumes of Spencer's work in 1872?
(a) The Evolution of Thought
(b) The Evolution of Science
(c) The Evolution of Life
(d) The Evolution of Species

8. What is needed by a strong man who seeks intensity and experience at the cost of tragic woe?
(a) altruism
(b) assistance
(c) optimism
(d) pessimism

9. What does Kant call knowledge that is independent of sense-experience and whose truth is certain before experience?
(a) evolution of concepts
(b) a priori
(c) the original sense of connoting sensation
(d) necessary and non-experiential

10. What does Spencer affirm that needs centralization, government power, apathy and individual subordination?
(a) legalism
(b) democracy
(c) socialism
(d) regulation

11. What purpose of Buddhism does Schopenhauer say is superior to Christianity?
(a) ease of joining the religion
(b) destruction of the will
(c) spiritual revelation
(d) hours of meditation

12. What causes Bergson to become a famous popular philosopher?
(a) his winning the Nobel Prize
(b) his work, Creative Evolution
(c) his denouncement of Darwin
(d) his world travels and lectures

13. What is the result of Spencer's considering philosophy a generalization of all science?
(a) a positivist movement
(b) a definable reality
(c) a rationalization
(d) a scientific method

14. Why does Russell visit Russia?
(a) to talk with the common people
(b) for a first-hand view of a socialist society
(c) to discuss politics
(d) for his health

15. What rouses the world from dogmatism?
(a) the philosophy of Locke, Berkeley, and Hume
(b) Kant's Critique of Pure Reason
(c) Francis Bacon's Essays
(d) Voltaire's Candide

Short Answer Questions

1. What effect does Immanuel Kant's work have when it is published in 1781?

2. What does Nietzsche claim causes fulfillment of woman and narrowing of man?

3. What does Durant say the beginning of Schopenhauer's book contains?

4. How is Nietzsche found after he suffers a fit of apoplexy?

5. By Spencer's time, what is the third stage of philosophical thought?

(see the answer keys)

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