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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. To what does Schopenhauer agree a priori?
(a) the will is easily controlled
(b) the will is developed through experience
(c) the individual believes his will is free
(d) the individual believes he is controlled

2. What affects Schopenhauer as he travels through France and Austria?
(a) the chaos, poverty, unrest and misery of the towns he visits
(b) the clashes between the Catholic church and Protestantism
(c) the philosophy of the post-revolutionary period
(d) the severe changes in the weather

3. In what work does Spencer freely express his best ideas with suggestive generalization and political philosophy?
(a) The Evolution of Mind
(b) The Evolution of Society
(c) The Evolution of Thought
(d) The Evolution of Life

4. What is needed by a strong man who seeks intensity and experience at the cost of tragic woe?
(a) altruism
(b) pessimism
(c) optimism
(d) assistance

5. Why does Nietzsche claim that morality and theology must be reconstructed?
(a) to upgrade the language
(b) to make it more appealing
(c) to give it more importance
(d) to fit the growth of evolutionary theory

6. What does Nietzsche claim causes fulfillment of woman and narrowing of man?
(a) charitable deeds
(b) children
(c) marriage
(d) education

7. What rouses the world from dogmatism?
(a) Kant's Critique of Pure Reason
(b) Voltaire's Candide
(c) Francis Bacon's Essays
(d) the philosophy of Locke, Berkeley, and Hume

8. What contemporary philosophers does Durant discuss in this chapter?
(a) Bergson, Croce and Bertrand Russell
(b) Descarte and Molier
(c) Edgar Cayce and Roger Miller
(d) Churchill and Washington Irving

9. How does Schopenhauer describe his situation?
(a) a rifle without a bullet
(b) a rider without a horse
(c) an artist painting for the blind
(d) a musician playing to a deaf audience

10. How does Kant classify an action done in accord with one's inner sense of duty?
(a) as holy
(b) as isolated
(c) as habitual
(d) as good

11. Who is a contemporary of Kant's who writes so as to confound, confuse and attract disciples at the same time?
(a) Hegel
(b) Rousseau
(c) Voltaire
(d) Russell

12. What concept does Spencer share with Schopenhauer?
(a) everything is chaos
(b) philosophy is an illusion
(c) reality cannot be determined
(d) human effort is futile

13. What does Kant say divides man into sects that does not join them together?
(a) fear and suspicion
(b) authority and legalism
(c) language and custom
(d) creed and ritual

14. Historically, what is an attempt to discover and explain the ultimate nature of reality?
(a) metaphysics
(b) theology
(c) biology
(d) physics

15. Instead of God and heaven, what does Spencer define as life?
(a) equilibration and dissolution
(b) regulation and manumission
(c) confusion and evolution
(d) desperation and satisfaction

Short Answer Questions

1. What method does Kant use to remind theology that substance, cause, and necessity are finite categories?

2. What, according to Schopenhauer, is the only way to convince someone?

3. What early 19th century philosopher is included in a group of pessimists, poets and composers considered the voices of the age?

4. How is Nietzsche found after he suffers a fit of apoplexy?

5. To what does Spencer conclude the same principles of evolution in biology also apply?

(see the answer keys)

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