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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What does Spencer comment on long before Darwin's theory of natural selection becomes popular by the end of the 1800s?
(a) circumnavigation
(b) evolution
(c) natural science
(d) transmigration

2. What method does Kant use to remind theology that substance, cause, and necessity are finite categories?
(a) Aristotle's logic
(b) the Socratic Method
(c) transcendental dialectic
(d) animal instinct

3. Who is the dominant philosophical thinker of the 19th Century?
(a) Voltaire
(b) Schopenhauer
(c) Immanuel Kant
(d) Nietzsche

4. How is Nietzsche found after he suffers a fit of apoplexy?
(a) wandering aimlessly on the streets
(b) mad, playing the piano, singing and crying
(c) sitting in a tub of cold water
(d) locked in his bedroom

5. What is the irony of Kant's quiet Prussian life relative to Voltaire's Parisian life?
(a) both of them lack credibility in their day
(b) both of them get into trouble with their governments
(c) both of them live in exile
(d) both of them become quite wealthy

6. What concept does Spencer share with Schopenhauer?
(a) everything is chaos
(b) philosophy is an illusion
(c) human effort is futile
(d) reality cannot be determined

7. Whose mission is it to save religion from reason and science from skepticism?
(a) Voltaire's
(b) Berkeley's
(c) Kant's
(d) Rousseau's

8. By Spencer's time, what is the third stage of philosophical thought?
(a) scientific explanations from observation, hypothesis and experiment
(b) a return to the purely metaphysical idea of truth and beauty
(c) starting from new scientific advances and data
(d) disregarding of all philosophical theory and religion

9. What becomes the Gospel on which Nietzsche's other works comment?
(a) Zarathustra
(b) Wagner
(c) himself
(d) Schopenhauer

10. What does Russell conclude is too big for his mathematical formulas?
(a) the world
(b) the differences between cultures
(c) space
(d) philosophy

11. What are the two contrary valuations of human behavior, according to Nietzsche?
(a) the high and the mighty
(b) the master and the herd
(c) the good and the bad
(d) the moralist and the scientist

12. What does Nietzsche he write about in Thus Spake Zarathustra?
(a) Ra-Aman
(b) Buddha
(c) Zoroaster
(d) Confucius

13. What does Schopenhauer see as the cause of strife and misery?
(a) the will
(b) wars
(c) ideas
(d) religion

14. What is Kant's critical analysis of the moral basis of religion?
(a) The Critique of Scriptures
(b) The Critique of Practical Reason
(c) The Critique of Science
(d) The Critique of Theology

15. Why does Nietzsche claim that morality and theology must be reconstructed?
(a) to give it more importance
(b) to make it more appealing
(c) to upgrade the language
(d) to fit the growth of evolutionary theory

Short Answer Questions

1. What affects Schopenhauer as he travels through France and Austria?

2. Historically, what is an attempt to discover and explain the ultimate nature of reality?

3. How does the German Bismarck eliminate Europe's delusions, democracy, and ideals?

4. What has a materialistic bias from mathematics and mechanics through the developing sciences?

5. What is Benedetto Croce's first book about?

(see the answer keys)

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