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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What causes Bergson to become a famous popular philosopher?
(a) his winning the Nobel Prize
(b) his work, Creative Evolution
(c) his denouncement of Darwin
(d) his world travels and lectures

2. What does Nietzsche claim the English Darwinians, French positivists and German socialists reject ?
(a) Christian theology but retain its morality
(b) all who have other opinions
(c) reliance on science for answers
(d) any kind of taught morality

3. What does Nietzsche he write about in Thus Spake Zarathustra?
(a) Buddha
(b) Confucius
(c) Ra-Aman
(d) Zoroaster

4. What purpose of Buddhism does Schopenhauer say is superior to Christianity?
(a) ease of joining the religion
(b) spiritual revelation
(c) destruction of the will
(d) hours of meditation

5. What method does Kant use to remind theology that substance, cause, and necessity are finite categories?
(a) Aristotle's logic
(b) animal instinct
(c) the Socratic Method
(d) transcendental dialectic

6. What is Schopenhauer's masterpiece?
(a) The Idea of the World
(b) The Will of Man
(c) The World as Will and Idea
(d) The Fall of Rome

7. Who leads the popular philosophic community of the early 19th century?
(a) Rousseau
(b) Schopenhauer
(c) Immanuel Kant
(d) Hegel

8. Who is the author of Time and Free-will?
(a) Schopenhauer
(b) Descartes
(c) Spencer
(d) Henri Bergson

9. What does Bertram Russell's Mysticism and Logic refute?
(a) socialism as a cause of disease
(b) epistemology
(c) mathematics for its rigid impersonality and objectivity
(d) the illogical nature of mysticism

10. Where does Spencer say that Religion is central?
(a) in the life of primitive civilization
(b) in the life of rural communities
(c) in the life of advanced civilization
(d) in the life of clerics

11. Why does Schopenhauer's book receive little attention at first?
(a) people have grown tired of reading philosophies
(b) the publisher prints only a few copies
(c) Europe is too poor and exhausted to read about its own condition
(d) nobody recognizes the name of Schopenhauer

12. What is Benedetto Croce's first book about?
(a) the economics of Karl Marx
(b) materialism as a mature method of thought
(c) social order during wartime
(d) the war of 1914

13. What contemporary philosophers does Durant discuss in this chapter?
(a) Edgar Cayce and Roger Miller
(b) Bergson, Croce and Bertrand Russell
(c) Churchill and Washington Irving
(d) Descarte and Molier

14. What affects Schopenhauer as he travels through France and Austria?
(a) the severe changes in the weather
(b) the clashes between the Catholic church and Protestantism
(c) the philosophy of the post-revolutionary period
(d) the chaos, poverty, unrest and misery of the towns he visits

15. What is a critical analysis of knowledge that is independent of all sense experience?
(a) Kant's The Return to Common Sense
(b) Kant's Whole History of Thought
(c) Kant's Letters to Philosophers
(d) Kant's The Critique of Pure Reason

Short Answer Questions

1. What is the irony of Kant's quiet Prussian life relative to Voltaire's Parisian life?

2. By Spencer's time, what is the third stage of philosophical thought?

3. What defines Spencer as a man who considers philosophy a generalization of all science?

4. What does Kant set out to prove is innate and does not come from experience?

5. How does Schopenhauer develop his blunt manner, realistic mind, and knowledge of the world and of men?

(see the answer keys)

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