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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What does Nietzsche claim the English Darwinians, French positivists and German socialists reject ?
(a) reliance on science for answers
(b) all who have other opinions
(c) Christian theology but retain its morality
(d) any kind of taught morality

2. Who is the author of Time and Free-will?
(a) Descartes
(b) Schopenhauer
(c) Spencer
(d) Henri Bergson

3. What does the publisher of Schopenhauer's book eventually tell him?
(a) they printed only the few copies they gave him
(b) the law refused the distribution of the book
(c) the book is too dry to sell
(d) most of the edition is sold as waste paper

4. Who leads the popular philosophic community of the early 19th century?
(a) Hegel
(b) Schopenhauer
(c) Rousseau
(d) Immanuel Kant

5. What rouses the world from dogmatism?
(a) the philosophy of Locke, Berkeley, and Hume
(b) Voltaire's Candide
(c) Kant's Critique of Pure Reason
(d) Francis Bacon's Essays

6. What does Kant insist must be absolute and derived only from the inner self by direct perception and intuition?
(a) the theological basis for religion
(b) the moral basis of religion
(c) the scientific basis for religion
(d) the miraculous basis for religion

7. What method does Kant use to remind theology that substance, cause, and necessity are finite categories?
(a) the Socratic Method
(b) Aristotle's logic
(c) animal instinct
(d) transcendental dialectic

8. What affects Schopenhauer as he travels through France and Austria?
(a) the clashes between the Catholic church and Protestantism
(b) the severe changes in the weather
(c) the chaos, poverty, unrest and misery of the towns he visits
(d) the philosophy of the post-revolutionary period

9. What is Benedetto Croce's first book about?
(a) materialism as a mature method of thought
(b) the economics of Karl Marx
(c) social order during wartime
(d) the war of 1914

10. What purpose of Buddhism does Schopenhauer say is superior to Christianity?
(a) destruction of the will
(b) ease of joining the religion
(c) hours of meditation
(d) spiritual revelation

11. What does Nietzsche he write about in Thus Spake Zarathustra?
(a) Confucius
(b) Ra-Aman
(c) Buddha
(d) Zoroaster

12. What does Spencer call a rationalizing myth for belief that defies conception?
(a) theology
(b) cosmology
(c) toxicology
(d) geneology

13. What does Kant classify as a result of an oligarchic constitution wherein the spoils of war go to a greedy few?
(a) the constant religious wars that go on in the world
(b) the expansion and conquests of the Prussian regime
(c) the European revolts again divinely appointed kings
(d) the militarism of Europe's expansion into America, Africa and Asia

14. What does Schopenhauer see as the cause of strife and misery?
(a) the will
(b) religion
(c) ideas
(d) wars

15. On what does Spencer say the soul of men living humble and precarious lives relies?
(a) more on mythology than on science
(b) more on guidence than education
(c) more on reality than on possibility
(d) more on future hope than reality

Short Answer Questions

1. What is the irony of Kant's quiet Prussian life relative to Voltaire's Parisian life?

2. Instead of God and heaven, what does Spencer define as life?

3. What does Spencer label as the art of methodical self-confusion?

4. As Russell visits China, he develops new perspectives and better understanding of a profounder culture to what effect?

5. Who is a contemporary of Kant's who writes so as to confound, confuse and attract disciples at the same time?

(see the answer keys)

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