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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. What does Aristotle devise to integrate the particular with the universal?

2. Who eventually dominates Greek philosophy and government?

3. At first, what medium does Voltaire use to give humorous expression to his ideas?

4. What does Spinoza call the highest knowledge of universal unity?

5. Significantly, who gets ignored in Bacon's utopia?

Short Essay Questions

1. What is Voltaire's reaction to Voltaire's desire to be a professional writer?

2. How is Bacon's philosophy comparable to Plato's?

3. How does Voltaire research his writing?

4. Describe the origins of stoicism and Epicureanism in Greek philosophy.

5. How does Plato state the cause of political problems in the world?

6. Describe Spinoza's synonymous dichotomies.

7. How does Durant see the evolution of stoicism into the Christian religion?

8. Describe the philosophers before Socrates, Plato, and aristotle.

9. Describe Spinoza's identification of three ethical systems.

10. What is a common criticism of Voltaire?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Write an essay on Aristotle's idea of the soul as pure thought. In the essay discuss how this concept destroys the soul as it is generally understood in Judeo-Christian-Islamic traditions.

Essay Topic 2

Write an essay on skepticism. Define the term and give examples of ideas philosophers might be skeptical about. Approach this subject objectively showing how skepticism does not only apply to religion but science as well. Use the disagreement over teaching Darwinism in our schools to show skepticism on both sides of the issue.

Essay Topic 3

Write an essay on Schopenhauer's contention that character lies in the will and not the intellect. Explain what he means and give your opinion of his conclusion.

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