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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. What does Spinoza call the highest knowledge of universal unity?

2. What does Bacon suggest should be observed similar to Machiavellian philosophy?

3. Reducing everything through the Socratic Method, what do Socrates and Cephalus agree to discuss?

4. What does Voltaire's Essay on Morals become?

5. Why is Bacon often accused of being atheistic?

Short Essay Questions

1. Briefly describe Plato's ideal rulers.

2. How does Voltaire research his writing?

3. Describe Spinoza's identification of three ethical systems.

4. Explain Aristotle's definition of God.

5. How can Voltaire's life be compared to that of socrates?

6. What is a common criticism of Voltaire?

7. Describe Spinoza's synonymous dichotomies.

8. How does Plato differentiate between emotion and knowledge?

9. Describe Aristotle's idea of what a man's goal in life should be.

10. Describe the mathematical form of Spinoza's approach to his philosophy.

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Write an essay on philosophy and women's rights. In your essay include Aristotle, Nietzsche, and other philosophers and their position on women. Include how the women's rights issue has changed in modern times and what changes still need to be made.

Essay Topic 2

Write an essay on Aristotle's Golden Mean. Include how it is not the same as a mathematical mean. Give an Aristotelian example of the Golden Mean and one that you observe from modern life.

Essay Topic 3

Write a critical essay on Durant's book. Discuss his organization of the book and the selection of philosophers he chose to feature. Conclude with a recommendation for others to read the book.

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