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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What does Voltaire's Essay on Morals become?
(a) the basis of modern historical science
(b) the last of his great works
(c) a book banned by every nations
(d) a template for how to do research

2. What biological notion does Aristotle reject?
(a) evolution of species
(b) extinction of species
(c) vegetarianism
(d) survival of the fittest

3. What does Voltaire do when he is sentenced to the Bastille a second time?
(a) goes to Switzerland
(b) appeals to the Regent
(c) escapes to England
(d) changes his name

4. How is Plato's early life best described?
(a) a playboy and a religious fanatic
(b) a life of poverty and destitution
(c) a comfortable athletic youth and a successful soldier
(d) an idle life and a failure as a soldier

5. What does not affect France like it does Germany and England?
(a) The Crusades
(b) The Renaissance
(c) The Reformation
(d) The Revolution

6. What are two theories from the Orient that gain acceptance in Greece?
(a) Stoicism and Epicureanism
(b) Buddhism and Hinduism
(c) Confucianism and communism
(d) Polytheism and atheism

7. Why does Spinoza say an allegorical interpretation of the Bible allows it to be?
(a) not difficult to understand
(b) not a book of rules and regulations
(c) not a great mystery
(d) not contrary to reason

8. What does Bacon call for elimination in his philosophy?
(a) several errors he calls idols
(b) a private banking system
(c) the model of the philosopher king
(d) public education

9. What becomes the unifying element in Plato's description of justice?
(a) the sharing of the wealth
(b) the good of the children
(c) the welfare of the group
(d) the quality of the laws

10. What does Plato say early education should do?
(a) only amuse
(b) teach logistics
(c) form good habits
(d) indoctrinate

11. What natural calamity do European religious leaders label as the punishment of God?
(a) a volcano in Italy
(b) an earthquake in Lisbon
(c) a fire in Rome
(d) a flood in Germany

12. What is something Voltaire is noted for with his critics?
(a) suing his enemies in court
(b) ignoring his enemies
(c) challenging his enemies to duels
(d) destroying enemies with a pen

13. At first, what medium does Voltaire use to give humorous expression to his ideas?
(a) anonymous letters
(b) short novels
(c) essays
(d) short plays

14. What does the Roman empire eventually become?
(a) the European Union
(b) the world's trade union
(c) the Roman Papacy
(d) the Roman Federation

15. What circumstance does Spinoza say keeps the racial existence of the Jews?
(a) Jewish schools of higher education
(b) having no land to call their own
(c) 3,500 years of Jewish tradition
(d) persecution by Christians

Short Answer Questions

1. What do the concepts of praise or blame indicate according to Aristotle?

2. What does Aristotle define as the entire vital principle of any being?

3. Where does Voltaire write The Romances?

4. Where does the Jewish migration along the Danube and Rhine rivers take the Jews?

5. How does Spinoza find himself after asking questions about Jewish and Christian beliefs?

(see the answer keys)

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