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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Where does Voltaire write The Romances?
(a) in Bonn, Germany
(b) in Frankfurt, Germany
(c) in Cirey, France
(d) in London, England

2. What do the concepts of praise or blame indicate according to Aristotle?
(a) the need for athletic contests
(b) a way of avoiding responsibility
(c) moral responsibility and free will
(d) disagreements in society

3. What is Voltaire's literary output?
(a) hundreds of manuscripts
(b) three plays, four novels, and 100 essays
(c) ninety-nine volumes
(d) fifty-four volumes of work

4. At what age does Plato advocate taking children from their parents to avoid learning bad habits?
(a) age ten
(b) at birth
(c) at adolescence
(d) age three

5. What drives the Jews out of their natural home?
(a) the Holacaust
(b) the conquest of the Crusaders
(c) Roman capture of Jerusalem in 70 A.D
(d) the slave rebellion in Rome

6. Where does the Jewish migration along the Danube and Rhine rivers take the Jews?
(a) Macedonia and Austria
(b) Spain and Portugal
(c) Poland and Russia
(d) Italy and Armenia

7. At his birth in 384 B.C., into what kind of family is Aristotle born?
(a) a military family
(b) a medical family
(c) a family of philosophers
(d) a family of travelers

8. How does Spinoza find himself after asking questions about Jewish and Christian beliefs?
(a) left without a source of income
(b) excommunicated from the synagogue
(c) honored as a great thinker
(d) promoted to head philosopher

9. Who in Voltaire's life is the young wife of a French Marquis who is away with his regiment?
(a) his secretary
(b) his muse
(c) his mistress
(d) his neice

10. How does every society and government ruins itself?
(a) by being too constrictive
(b) by growing tired
(c) by letting down their guard
(d) by enabling excess in principle

11. Significantly, who gets ignored in Bacon's utopia?
(a) Copernicus and other scientists
(b) proponents of the New Atlantis
(c) Hobbes, Locke, and Bentham
(d) Plato and Socrates

12. What do Voltaire's letter criticizing France formulate in the French people?
(a) a distaste for Voltaire's writing
(b) the strongest of French nationalism
(c) a refusal to perform his plays
(d) the theoretical groundwork for Revolution

13. What philosopher and statesman does Francis Bacon aspire to be like?
(a) Copernicus
(b) Salon
(c) Cicero
(d) Seneca

14. In what way is Bacon's reconstruction thought superior to that of Aristotle?
(a) less detailed, evolving slowly
(b) more practical than theoretical
(c) less idealistic and more severe
(d) more flexible for the people

15. What happened after Spinoza dispensed with faith?
(a) religion died
(b) new religions sprang up
(c) the faithful dispensed with him
(d) the faithful were devastated

Short Answer Questions

1. What circumstance does Spinoza say keeps the racial existence of the Jews?

2. What does Bacon call for elimination in his philosophy?

3. What does Aristotle define as the entire vital principle of any being?

4. What does Spinoza say a literal interpretation of the Bible does?

5. What does Voltaire's father tell him will come from an education in literature?

(see the answer keys)

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