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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. By Spencer's time, what is the third stage of philosophical thought?
(a) disregarding of all philosophical theory and religion
(b) a return to the purely metaphysical idea of truth and beauty
(c) scientific explanations from observation, hypothesis and experiment
(d) starting from new scientific advances and data

2. What method does Kant use to remind theology that substance, cause, and necessity are finite categories?
(a) animal instinct
(b) Aristotle's logic
(c) the Socratic Method
(d) transcendental dialectic

3. What, according to Schopenhauer, is the only way to convince someone?
(a) applying force
(b) applying philosophy
(c) appealing to reason
(d) appealing to self-interest

4. What had Kant determined to be a Thing-in-Itself that can be conceived in thought but not experienced?
(a) conceptuality
(b) history
(c) eventuality
(d) ultimate reality

5. What does Kant call knowledge that is independent of sense-experience and whose truth is certain before experience?
(a) a priori
(b) evolution of concepts
(c) the original sense of connoting sensation
(d) necessary and non-experiential

Short Answer Questions

1. What affects Schopenhauer as he travels through France and Austria?

2. What does Nietzsche claim the English Darwinians, French positivists and German socialists reject ?

3. How does Schopenhauer say people rationalize the things they acquire?

4. What does Schopenhauer say is the first law of sexual attraction?

5. What does Nietzsche do that gets him discharged from the military?

Short Essay Questions

1. Describe the competition between Schopenhauer and Hegel.

2. Describe Schopenhauer's views of youth and old age.

3. How does Schopenhauer illustrate, along with Aristotle, that the power of will drives plants, animals and man?

4. How does Nietzsche see Christian theology in his day?

5. Briefly describe Spencer's formula of evolution.

6. Briefly discuss Bergson's idea of creative evolution.

7. How does Kant respond after reading Berkeley, Hume, and Rousseau?

8. How does Kant's work ironically work against his stated aim?

9. What select group is Schopenhauer included in during the first half of the 19th century?

10. Describe Herbert Spencer as a man.

(see the answer keys)

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