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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What does Bergson see as active forces in evolution?
(a) opportunity and conditionality
(b) work and leisure
(c) impulse and desire
(d) time and space

2. What method does Kant use to remind theology that substance, cause, and necessity are finite categories?
(a) Aristotle's logic
(b) animal instinct
(c) the Socratic Method
(d) transcendental dialectic

3. Why does Schopenhauer's book receive little attention at first?
(a) people have grown tired of reading philosophies
(b) nobody recognizes the name of Schopenhauer
(c) Europe is too poor and exhausted to read about its own condition
(d) the publisher prints only a few copies

4. What bold denial of Kant's is based on reduction of religion to moral faith and hope?
(a) the denial of rational theology
(b) the denial of inspired theology
(c) the denial of logical theology
(d) the denial of pantheology

5. What does Spencer label as the art of methodical self-confusion?
(a) psychology
(b) scientology
(c) frenology
(d) metaphysics

Short Answer Questions

1. What work of Spencer's theorizes that all ultimate religious ideas eventually become logically inconceivable?

2. What does Kant say divides man into sects that does not join them together?

3. What does Spencer define as the subjective accompaniment of mechanically evolved nerve processes?

4. What, according to Schopenhauer, is the only way to convince someone?

5. What early 19th century philosopher is included in a group of pessimists, poets and composers considered the voices of the age?

Short Essay Questions

1. What select group is Schopenhauer included in during the first half of the 19th century?

2. What is Nietzsche's thought on democracy and Christianity?

3. How does Spencer see his fame?

4. Describe briefly Spencer's definition of life.

5. Explain briefly how Russell became agnostic.

6. How is Immanuel Kant's work burst on the European consciousness?

7. How does Kant's work ironically work against his stated aim?

8. What does Nietzsche's first and only completed book prove?

9. How does Schopenhauer's philosophy sound like modern merchandising?

10. Briefly describe Spencer's formula of evolution.

(see the answer keys)

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