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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What does Schopenhauer suggest is a deception of nature that disillusions?
(a) marriage and happiness
(b) education and marriage
(c) beauty and happiness
(d) love and marriage

2. Instead of God and heaven, what does Spencer define as life?
(a) confusion and evolution
(b) equilibration and dissolution
(c) regulation and manumission
(d) desperation and satisfaction

3. What contemporary philosophers does Durant discuss in this chapter?
(a) Descarte and Molier
(b) Bergson, Croce and Bertrand Russell
(c) Churchill and Washington Irving
(d) Edgar Cayce and Roger Miller

4. What does Nietzsche do that gets him discharged from the military?
(a) challenges the commander
(b) falls off a horse
(c) takes unofficial leave
(d) disobeys an order

5. What is a critical analysis of knowledge that is independent of all sense experience?
(a) Kant's The Critique of Pure Reason
(b) Kant's Letters to Philosophers
(c) Kant's The Return to Common Sense
(d) Kant's Whole History of Thought

Short Answer Questions

1. What does Spencer call a rationalizing myth for belief that defies conception?

2. What, according to Schopenhauer, is the only way to convince someone?

3. In what work does Spencer freely express his best ideas with suggestive generalization and political philosophy?

4. What does Kant classify as a result of an oligarchic constitution wherein the spoils of war go to a greedy few?

5. Who is the dominant philosophical thinker of the 19th Century?

Short Essay Questions

1. How does Kant's work ironically work against his stated aim?

2. In his The Critique of Pure Reason how does Kant say knowledge comes?

3. Explain briefly how Russell became agnostic.

4. What is the value Kant sees of the Bible and the churches?

5. How does Schopenhauer's philosophy sound like modern merchandising?

6. Describe briefly Spencer's definition of life.

7. Describe Schopenhauer's views of youth and old age.

8. Describe Kant's sequential order of knowledge leading up to an organized life.

9. What is the implication of Schopenhauer's claim that the world is his idea in his book, The World as Will and Idea?

10. Define the contrast between Bergson and Croce.

(see the answer keys)

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