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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is Schopenhauer's masterpiece?
(a) The Idea of the World
(b) The World as Will and Idea
(c) The Fall of Rome
(d) The Will of Man

2. What does Nietzsche do that gets him discharged from the military?
(a) falls off a horse
(b) challenges the commander
(c) takes unofficial leave
(d) disobeys an order

3. What does Schopenhauer see as the cause of strife and misery?
(a) wars
(b) ideas
(c) the will
(d) religion

4. What does Bergson see as active forces in evolution?
(a) time and space
(b) impulse and desire
(c) opportunity and conditionality
(d) work and leisure

5. What does Spencer define as the subjective accompaniment of mechanically evolved nerve processes?
(a) education
(b) mind
(c) biology
(d) heart

Short Answer Questions

1. What is the distinction of his book, The Birth of Tragedy out of the Spirit of Music?

2. What are the two contrary valuations of human behavior, according to Nietzsche?

3. Who is a contemporary of Kant's who writes so as to confound, confuse and attract disciples at the same time?

4. What is a critical analysis of knowledge that is independent of all sense experience?

5. In what work does Spencer freely express his best ideas with suggestive generalization and political philosophy?

Short Essay Questions

1. How is Immanuel Kant's work burst on the European consciousness?

2. How does Kant respond after reading Berkeley, Hume, and Rousseau?

3. What is the implication of Schopenhauer's claim that the world is his idea in his book, The World as Will and Idea?

4. Describe briefly Spencer's definition of life.

5. Describe the competition between Schopenhauer and Hegel.

6. In his The Critique of Pure Reason how does Kant say knowledge comes?

7. Briefly discuss Bergson's idea of creative evolution.

8. What is Nietzsche's thought on democracy and Christianity?

9. Define the contrast between Bergson and Croce.

10. What select group is Schopenhauer included in during the first half of the 19th century?

(see the answer keys)

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