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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is Benedetto Croce's first book about?
(a) social order during wartime
(b) the war of 1914
(c) the economics of Karl Marx
(d) materialism as a mature method of thought

2. What does Spencer affirm that needs centralization, government power, apathy and individual subordination?
(a) regulation
(b) legalism
(c) democracy
(d) socialism

3. What does Schopenhauer see as the cause of strife and misery?
(a) ideas
(b) religion
(c) wars
(d) the will

4. What purpose of Buddhism does Schopenhauer say is superior to Christianity?
(a) ease of joining the religion
(b) destruction of the will
(c) hours of meditation
(d) spiritual revelation

5. What are the two contrary valuations of human behavior, according to Nietzsche?
(a) the moralist and the scientist
(b) the high and the mighty
(c) the good and the bad
(d) the master and the herd

Short Answer Questions

1. Who leads the popular philosophic community of the early 19th century?

2. How does Kant classify an action done in accord with one's inner sense of duty?

3. What does Kant insist must be absolute and derived only from the inner self by direct perception and intuition?

4. Who is the author of Time and Free-will?

5. What does Bertram Russell's Mysticism and Logic refute?

Short Essay Questions

1. How does Nietzsche show his attitude toward religion?

2. How does Nietzsche see Christian theology in his day?

3. What is the value Kant sees of the Bible and the churches?

4. Describe Kant's sequential order of knowledge leading up to an organized life.

5. Briefly describe Spencer's formula of evolution.

6. What select group is Schopenhauer included in during the first half of the 19th century?

7. Describe Schopenhauer's views of youth and old age.

8. How does Spencer see his fame?

9. Describe the two periods of Bertram Russell's philosophical life.

10. In his The Critique of Pure Reason how does Kant say knowledge comes?

(see the answer keys)

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