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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What does Durant say the beginning of Schopenhauer's book contains?
(a) two-hundred pages of second-hand idealism
(b) lackluster descriptions of Europe
(c) unreadable prose taken from Kant
(d) sound and fury signifying nothing

2. How does Schopenhauer say people rationalize the things they acquire?
(a) only wanting things that have a built in reason
(b) a need to keep current in a changing world
(c) reasons are manufactured to suit the climate
(d) reasons are found after getting what is wanted or willed

3. Without what does Kant say sensations cannot become perceptions?
(a) action and reaction
(b) time and energy
(c) hot and cold
(d) space and time

4. What is the result of Spencer's considering philosophy a generalization of all science?
(a) a definable reality
(b) a scientific method
(c) a positivist movement
(d) a rationalization

5. By Spencer's time, what is the third stage of philosophical thought?
(a) a return to the purely metaphysical idea of truth and beauty
(b) scientific explanations from observation, hypothesis and experiment
(c) disregarding of all philosophical theory and religion
(d) starting from new scientific advances and data

Short Answer Questions

1. How does Schopenhauer describe his situation?

2. Who leads the popular philosophic community of the early 19th century?

3. What is Schopenhauer's masterpiece?

4. What does Kant insist must be absolute and derived only from the inner self by direct perception and intuition?

5. What does Spencer call a rationalizing myth for belief that defies conception?

Short Essay Questions

1. What is Nietzsche's thought on democracy and Christianity?

2. Describe the competition between Schopenhauer and Hegel.

3. In his The Critique of Pure Reason how does Kant say knowledge comes?

4. What is the value Kant sees of the Bible and the churches?

5. Define the difference between the study of science and the study of social studies and political affairs.

6. How does Nietzsche see Christian theology in his day?

7. What select group is Schopenhauer included in during the first half of the 19th century?

8. How does Spencer see his fame?

9. Explain briefly how Russell became agnostic.

10. How does Kant's work ironically work against his stated aim?

(see the answer keys)

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