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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What does Spencer call a rationalizing myth for belief that defies conception?
(a) cosmology
(b) geneology
(c) toxicology
(d) theology

2. What does Bergson uphold that is distinct from the organism, but is limited by its characteristics?
(a) eyesight
(b) hearing
(c) pain
(d) consciousness

3. What does Bergson see as active forces in evolution?
(a) work and leisure
(b) impulse and desire
(c) opportunity and conditionality
(d) time and space

4. What does Spencer comment on long before Darwin's theory of natural selection becomes popular by the end of the 1800s?
(a) evolution
(b) circumnavigation
(c) transmigration
(d) natural science

5. How does Schopenhauer describe his situation?
(a) a musician playing to a deaf audience
(b) a rider without a horse
(c) an artist painting for the blind
(d) a rifle without a bullet

Short Answer Questions

1. What does Nietzsche he write about in Thus Spake Zarathustra?

2. In what work does Spencer freely express his best ideas with suggestive generalization and political philosophy?

3. Instead of God and heaven, what does Spencer define as life?

4. What has a materialistic bias from mathematics and mechanics through the developing sciences?

5. What are the second and third volumes of Spencer's work in 1872?

Short Essay Questions

1. Define the difference between the study of science and the study of social studies and political affairs.

2. What is Nietzsche's thought on democracy and Christianity?

3. Describe the two periods of Bertram Russell's philosophical life.

4. How does Schopenhauer's philosophy sound like modern merchandising?

5. Describe briefly Spencer's definition of life.

6. Analyzing religious ideas in First Principles, what does Spencer conclude?

7. Briefly discuss Bergson's idea of creative evolution.

8. Briefly describe Spencer's formula of evolution.

9. How does Kant respond after reading Berkeley, Hume, and Rousseau?

10. Describe the competition between Schopenhauer and Hegel.

(see the answer keys)

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