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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. How does Schopenhauer say people rationalize the things they acquire?
(a) a need to keep current in a changing world
(b) only wanting things that have a built in reason
(c) reasons are manufactured to suit the climate
(d) reasons are found after getting what is wanted or willed

2. How does Schopenhauer develop his blunt manner, realistic mind, and knowledge of the world and of men?
(a) his exposure to business
(b) his time in the military
(c) his informal education
(d) his frequent travels

3. What does Spencer affirm that needs centralization, government power, apathy and individual subordination?
(a) democracy
(b) regulation
(c) socialism
(d) legalism

4. What does Kant say divides man into sects that does not join them together?
(a) authority and legalism
(b) fear and suspicion
(c) creed and ritual
(d) language and custom

5. How is Nietzsche found after he suffers a fit of apoplexy?
(a) sitting in a tub of cold water
(b) wandering aimlessly on the streets
(c) mad, playing the piano, singing and crying
(d) locked in his bedroom

Short Answer Questions

1. To what does Schopenhauer agree a priori?

2. What are the second and third volumes of Spencer's work in 1872?

3. How does Schopenhauer describe his situation?

4. Whose mission is it to save religion from reason and science from skepticism?

5. Instead of God and heaven, what does Spencer define as life?

Short Essay Questions

1. What is the value Kant sees of the Bible and the churches?

2. What is the implication of Schopenhauer's claim that the world is his idea in his book, The World as Will and Idea?

3. Define the difference between the study of science and the study of social studies and political affairs.

4. Describe the two periods of Bertram Russell's philosophical life.

5. Define the contrast between Bergson and Croce.

6. How does Nietzsche see Christian theology in his day?

7. How does Schopenhauer's philosophy sound like modern merchandising?

8. Briefly discuss Bergson's idea of creative evolution.

9. How does Spencer see his fame?

10. In his The Critique of Pure Reason how does Kant say knowledge comes?

(see the answer keys)

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