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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What does Kant call knowledge that is independent of sense-experience and whose truth is certain before experience?
(a) evolution of concepts
(b) a priori
(c) necessary and non-experiential
(d) the original sense of connoting sensation

2. What, according to Schopenhauer, is the only way to convince someone?
(a) appealing to self-interest
(b) applying force
(c) applying philosophy
(d) appealing to reason

3. What does Durant say the beginning of Schopenhauer's book contains?
(a) unreadable prose taken from Kant
(b) lackluster descriptions of Europe
(c) two-hundred pages of second-hand idealism
(d) sound and fury signifying nothing

4. What rouses the world from dogmatism?
(a) Kant's Critique of Pure Reason
(b) Francis Bacon's Essays
(c) Voltaire's Candide
(d) the philosophy of Locke, Berkeley, and Hume

5. In what work does Spencer freely express his best ideas with suggestive generalization and political philosophy?
(a) The Evolution of Mind
(b) The Evolution of Thought
(c) The Evolution of Life
(d) The Evolution of Society

Short Answer Questions

1. How does the German Bismarck eliminate Europe's delusions, democracy, and ideals?

2. What purpose of Buddhism does Schopenhauer say is superior to Christianity?

3. What does Nietzsche claim causes fulfillment of woman and narrowing of man?

4. What are the second and third volumes of Spencer's work in 1872?

5. What concept does Spencer share with Schopenhauer?

Short Essay Questions

1. How does Kant's work ironically work against his stated aim?

2. What does Nietzsche's first and only completed book prove?

3. In his The Critique of Pure Reason how does Kant say knowledge comes?

4. What is the implication of Schopenhauer's claim that the world is his idea in his book, The World as Will and Idea?

5. Define the contrast between Bergson and Croce.

6. Describe briefly Spencer's definition of life.

7. What is Nietzsche's thought on democracy and Christianity?

8. Describe Herbert Spencer as a man.

9. Describe Kant's sequential order of knowledge leading up to an organized life.

10. How is Immanuel Kant's work burst on the European consciousness?

(see the answer keys)

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