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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Where does Spencer say that Religion is central?
(a) in the life of clerics
(b) in the life of advanced civilization
(c) in the life of primitive civilization
(d) in the life of rural communities

2. What defines Spencer as a man who considers philosophy a generalization of all science?
(a) he comes from a family of thinkers
(b) he in a trained biologist
(c) he studies with Charles Darwin
(d) he is a logical thinker

3. What bold denial of Kant's is based on reduction of religion to moral faith and hope?
(a) the denial of inspired theology
(b) the denial of pantheology
(c) the denial of rational theology
(d) the denial of logical theology

4. What does Bergson uphold that is distinct from the organism, but is limited by its characteristics?
(a) pain
(b) hearing
(c) eyesight
(d) consciousness

5. Without what does Kant say sensations cannot become perceptions?
(a) hot and cold
(b) time and energy
(c) space and time
(d) action and reaction

Short Answer Questions

1. What is the irony of Kant's quiet Prussian life relative to Voltaire's Parisian life?

2. What does Bergson see as active forces in evolution?

3. What, according to Schopenhauer, is the only way to convince someone?

4. How does Schopenhauer describe his situation?

5. What work of Spencer's theorizes that all ultimate religious ideas eventually become logically inconceivable?

Short Essay Questions

1. Explain briefly how Russell became agnostic.

2. How does Nietzsche show his attitude toward religion?

3. How is Immanuel Kant's work burst on the European consciousness?

4. How does Spencer see his fame?

5. What is the value Kant sees of the Bible and the churches?

6. What is Nietzsche's thought on democracy and Christianity?

7. What select group is Schopenhauer included in during the first half of the 19th century?

8. How does Schopenhauer's philosophy sound like modern merchandising?

9. Describe the two periods of Bertram Russell's philosophical life.

10. What does Nietzsche's first and only completed book prove?

(see the answer keys)

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