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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. To what does Schopenhauer agree a priori?
(a) the will is developed through experience
(b) the individual believes he is controlled
(c) the will is easily controlled
(d) the individual believes his will is free

2. What bold denial of Kant's is based on reduction of religion to moral faith and hope?
(a) the denial of pantheology
(b) the denial of inspired theology
(c) the denial of rational theology
(d) the denial of logical theology

3. What effect does Immanuel Kant's work have when it is published in 1781?
(a) does away with the need for philosophy
(b) saves religion from extinction
(c) defies scientific logic
(d) shocks and upsets the philosophic world

4. By Spencer's time, what is the third stage of philosophical thought?
(a) a return to the purely metaphysical idea of truth and beauty
(b) starting from new scientific advances and data
(c) disregarding of all philosophical theory and religion
(d) scientific explanations from observation, hypothesis and experiment

5. Why does Schopenhauer's book receive little attention at first?
(a) people have grown tired of reading philosophies
(b) nobody recognizes the name of Schopenhauer
(c) the publisher prints only a few copies
(d) Europe is too poor and exhausted to read about its own condition

Short Answer Questions

1. What purpose of Buddhism does Schopenhauer say is superior to Christianity?

2. Who is the author of Time and Free-will?

3. What does Nietzsche claim causes fulfillment of woman and narrowing of man?

4. As Russell visits China, he develops new perspectives and better understanding of a profounder culture to what effect?

5. How does the German Bismarck eliminate Europe's delusions, democracy, and ideals?

Short Essay Questions

1. How does Kant's work ironically work against his stated aim?

2. What select group is Schopenhauer included in during the first half of the 19th century?

3. Describe briefly Spencer's definition of life.

4. Explain briefly how Russell became agnostic.

5. Define the difference between the study of science and the study of social studies and political affairs.

6. What is the implication of Schopenhauer's claim that the world is his idea in his book, The World as Will and Idea?

7. What is the value Kant sees of the Bible and the churches?

8. Describe Kant's sequential order of knowledge leading up to an organized life.

9. What is Nietzsche's thought on democracy and Christianity?

10. In his The Critique of Pure Reason how does Kant say knowledge comes?

(see the answer keys)

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