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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Which of the four being compared does Plutarch accuse of committing the crime of deposing a fellow elected official?

2. According to Plutarch, what was the purpose of the Greek alliances that Aratus helped to form?

3. How did Tiberius finally push his land reform law through the Senate, according to Plutarch?

4. Where did Demosthenes encourage Greeks to resist the rule of Philip and Alexander, according to Plutarch?

5. How was Cyrus' effort to overthrow Artaxerxes ended, according to Plutarch?

Short Essay Questions

1. What does Plutarch claim Atarus did to free Sicyon from the tyrant Nicocles?

2. According to Plutarch, how did Tiberius' death affect Caius' entry into Roman politics?

3. What does Plutarch consider to be the difference in the deaths of the Gracci and the Spartans?

4. What does Plutarch claim was the result of Opimius undoing the land reforms that Caius enacted?

5. How did Plutarch compare the military achievements of Brutus and Dion?

6. What does Plutarch report to be the condition of Rome as Tiberius began his political career in Rome?

7. What did Plutarch identify as the marks of Cicero's oratory style?

8. How did Plutarch show the differences in the motivations for speaking between Demosthenes and Cicero?

9. What did Plutarch consider to be the difference between the several wives that Demetrius took as opposed to Antony taking up with Cleopatra?

10. What is a primary difference that can be inferred between the ancient Spartan civilization and the ancient Roman Empire from Plutarch's comparison between the Gracchi and the Spartans?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Artaxerxes faced family challenges from his brother and even his sons. Compare his brother's challenge against his inheriting the throne to the conspiracy of Artaxerxes' son, Darious, and the turmoil Ochus brought to his brothers to earn the right to inherit the throne. In the comparison, detail Artaxerxes' responses to the challenges and how each challenger adjusted their tactics to attempt to take Artaxerxes' crown.

Essay Topic 2

The last political position Phocion took was his support for Cassander as King of Macedon. Explain why Phocion, a Greek, was in the position to be concerned with who was the king of Macedon, what Cassander's opponent did in response to Phocion's support, and whether or not that opponent's tactic achieved his desired goal.

Essay Topic 3

Cleomenes fled to Ptolemy and was protected, but Pompey fled to Ptolemy and was given up to be murdered. Compare and contrast the two situations for which Cleomenes and Pompey fled to Ptolemy and give reasons why Ptolemy would protect Cleomenes but betray Pompey.

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