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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Who did wealthy land owners influence from the Senate to oppose Tiberius' efforts at land reform, according to Plutarch?

2. How does Plutarch explain public anger both Dion and Brutus received for their stands against Dionysius II and Caesar respectively?

3. What did Plutarch identify as the primary difference between "The Roman Brothers" and "The Spartans"?

4. Who did Plutarch report to be the first Roman official to try to take up the issue that confronted Tiberius after his election as tribune?

5. Which one of the four being compared does Plutarch report had no great action worthy of a commander?

Short Essay Questions

1. Why does Plutarch suggest Caesar showed favor to Brutus despite Brutus siding with Pompey during the civil war with Caesar?

2. What did Plutarch identify as the marks of Cicero's oratory style?

3. How did Antony inspire a revolt against the assassins of Caesar, according to Plutarch?

4. What difference does Plutarch recognize in the raising of the Gracchi Brothers (Tiberius and Caius) and The Spartans (Agis and Cleomenes)?

5. What does Plutarch claim was the result of Opimius undoing the land reforms that Caius enacted?

6. What does Plutarch consider to be the difference in the deaths of the Gracci and the Spartans?

7. Why does Plutarch claim that Philip had Atarus poisoned?

8. How does Plutarch claim that Demosthenes become the best orator of his time?

9. How did Plutarch compare the military achievements of Brutus and Dion?

10. How does Plutarch claim Artaxerxes averted war with the Spartans?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Antony used a speech to turn Rome against the conspirators of Caesar's assassination. He used his influence to persuade Octavius Caesar to have Cicero executed in spite of Cicero's support for Octavius as a ruling member of the triumvirate. Explain why you think that Antony would have such an interest to have Cicero removed from influence based upon what you can identify as Cicero's rhetorical skill against political opponents and Antony's Ambition after the assassination of Julius Caesar.

Essay Topic 2

Cato, the Younger, took many stands against the popular positions of the Roman Senate. One such stand was his warnings against the ambitions of Caesar as he was rising to power. What were the points that Cato raised in his warning, how did he respond as Pompey attempted to challenge Caesar, and what was the final outcome for Cato for taking his stand?

Essay Topic 3

Plutarch's biography of Sertorius established a pattern of examining the life of a leader whose live and experiences were intertwined with other lives that were covered by Plutarch. Sertorius directly confronted Pompey in Spain and both were affected by the Roman tyrant Sylla. How were both Sertorius and Pompey affected by Sylla, and how did the different relationships with Sylla influence the confrontation they had with each other?

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