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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. What did Plutarch report as the difference in the affects on the homelands of "The Roman Brothers" and "The Spartans"?

2. What affect does Plutarch claim Aratus' education and his father's death have on Aratus?

3. Where does Plutarch claim that Demosthenes was when he committed suicide to avoid capture by the Macedonians?

4. For what does Plutarch claim Artaxerxes II was known?

5. What did Plutarch report Darius did to prevent his ascension to Artaxerxes' throne?

Short Essay Questions

1. What does Plutarch consider to be the difference in the deaths of the Gracci and the Spartans?

2. How did Plutarch report that Demetrius fell in and out of favor with Athenians?

3. How did Ochus put himself in line to inherit Artaxerxes throne according to Plutarch?

4. How did Plutarch compare the military achievements of Brutus and Dion?

5. How does Plutarch claim Artaxerxes averted war with the Spartans?

6. What does Plutarch report to be the condition of Rome as Tiberius began his political career in Rome?

7. 1.What does Plutarch recognize as the major difference between the governing styles between the Gracchi and the Spartans?

8. Why does Plutarch claim that Philip had Atarus poisoned?

9. How did Plutarch describe the defeat of Brutus after the death of Caesar?

10. How does Plutarch show the differences in the personalities between Demosthenes and Cicero through their rhetorical style?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Plutarch was born a Greek, and as an adult became a Roman Citizen. He wrote during the First Century, A.D., while the Roman Empire was still in its ascendancy. Give details of how Plutarch's background and citizenship influenced his choice of historical figures for which to write biographies, the events he chose to cover, and how he characterized the cities and citizens that were affected by these figures.

Essay Topic 2

Cleomenes fled to Ptolemy and was protected, but Pompey fled to Ptolemy and was given up to be murdered. Compare and contrast the two situations for which Cleomenes and Pompey fled to Ptolemy and give reasons why Ptolemy would protect Cleomenes but betray Pompey.

Essay Topic 3

Plutarch's reports of suicides among the figures he profiled plays very prominently in what he considers the figure's nobility or lack thereof. Compare the suicides of Cato and Otho. Explain the circumstances that led to the suicide, reasons the two gave for committing the act, and how you believe the act is a reflection of the character that Plutarch developed in his biography.

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