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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Who led a conspiracy to overthrow the Roman Government that Plutarch reports Cicero exposed in the Senate?

2. For what does Plutarch claim Artaxerxes II was known?

3. According to Plutarch, why was the issue still alive for Tiberius in spite of previous efforts to address the issue?

4. What did Plutarch claim to be the main issue facing Tiberius after he was elected tribune of the people?

5. Where does Plutarch claim that Demosthenes was when he committed suicide to avoid capture by the Macedonians?

Short Essay Questions

1. What does Plutarch report to be the condition of Rome as Tiberius began his political career in Rome?

2. What steps did Plutarch describe that gave Tiberius the ability to pass his land reform laws?

3. How did Plutarch describe the defeat of Brutus after the death of Caesar?

4. What difference does Plutarch recognize in the raising of the Gracchi Brothers (Tiberius and Caius) and The Spartans (Agis and Cleomenes)?

5. Why does Plutarch report that Artaxerxes had his son, Darius, executed?

6. What did Plutarch identify as the marks of Cicero's oratory style?

7. How did Antony inspire a revolt against the assassins of Caesar, according to Plutarch?

8. Why does Plutarch suggest Caesar showed favor to Brutus despite Brutus siding with Pompey during the civil war with Caesar?

9. What important position does Plutarch report Atarus took with Achaea, a league of Greek cities?

10. What does Plutarch claim was the result of Opimius undoing the land reforms that Caius enacted?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Plutarch's biography of Alexander gave explicit details of how Alexander was supposedly a demigod and Plutarch's reports of Alexander's youth seemed to give support to the myth. Detail Plutarch's accounts of Alexander's supposedly divine heritage and two stories from his youth which could be taken to suggest that Alexander's intelligence and physical abilities were well above normal.

Essay Topic 2

The last political position Phocion took was his support for Cassander as King of Macedon. Explain why Phocion, a Greek, was in the position to be concerned with who was the king of Macedon, what Cassander's opponent did in response to Phocion's support, and whether or not that opponent's tactic achieved his desired goal.

Essay Topic 3

Artaxerxes faced family challenges from his brother and even his sons. Compare his brother's challenge against his inheriting the throne to the conspiracy of Artaxerxes' son, Darious, and the turmoil Ochus brought to his brothers to earn the right to inherit the throne. In the comparison, detail Artaxerxes' responses to the challenges and how each challenger adjusted their tactics to attempt to take Artaxerxes' crown.

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