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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. How did Agesilaus take the throne from his brother, Agis, according to Plutarch?

2. In what hearing before the Senate did Cato first confront Caesar, according to Plutarch?

3. How did Plutarch report that Cato prevented the Roman Senate from naming Caesar the Consul of Rome?

4. According to Plutarch's report, how did Phocion become general more than 45 times?

5. In what sort of activity did Eumenes get the attention of Philip of Macedon, according to Plutarch?

Short Essay Questions

1. How does Plutarch explain Agis' objectives affected the politics of Sparta?

2. How did Plutarch explain Lysander's misinterpretation of the prophesy regarding the successor to Agis?

3. Where does Plutarch report Caesar traveled to for conquests after he was elected as part of the Triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus?

4. What are the similarities that Plutarch found between Sertorius and Eumenes?

5. What did Plutarch determine to be the difference in how Agesilaus and Pompey came to power?

6. How long does Plutarch claim that Cato the Younger possessed an inflexible temperament?

7. Why does Plutarch claim Caesar left Rome while he was a young man?

8. According to Plutarch, why did Cato fall into disfavor with Caesar?

9. What were qualities of Alexander that Plutarch praised?

10. What does Plutarch report came of the Athens military when the Athenian Assembly went against Phocion's recommendations not to enter a war with Philip of Macedon?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Artaxerxes faced family challenges from his brother and even his sons. Compare his brother's challenge against his inheriting the throne to the conspiracy of Artaxerxes' son, Darious, and the turmoil Ochus brought to his brothers to earn the right to inherit the throne. In the comparison, detail Artaxerxes' responses to the challenges and how each challenger adjusted their tactics to attempt to take Artaxerxes' crown.

Essay Topic 2

Caius Gracchus took a low profile immediately following the beating death of his brother but eventually rose to a position of leadership in Rome. Analyze the political rise of Caius and give reasons for his taking a cautious approach to his political involvement. Point out achievements he made in his steps that helped him to move into higher offices. Explain how his ultimate agenda required his development of political support as he moved into a position to act upon it.

Essay Topic 3

Agis and Agesilaus were half brothers who served as Spartan Kings from 427-360 B.C. Detail the unusual circumstances of their paternal relationship and Agesilaus' ascension to the throne after Agis' death. Explain Cleomenes' role in Sparta as it relates to Agis. Use details from Plutarch's "Lives" to explain your points.

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