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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In the comparison of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus (henceforth identified here as "The Roman Brothers") with Agis and Cleomenes ("The Spartans"), how does Plutarch refer to Tiberius and Caius as a unit?
(a) The Gracchi.
(b) Sons of Gracchus.
(c) Tiberius and Caius.
(d) The Romans.

2. Which of the four being compared does Plutarch accuse of committing the crime of deposing a fellow elected official?
(a) Tiberius.
(b) Agis.
(c) Caius.
(d) Cleomenes.

3. What does Plutarch identify as the difference in the characters between "The Roman Brothers" and "The Spartans"?
(a) "The Roman Brothers" had a desire for glory and honors, but "The Spartans" loved contests and aspired to despotic power.
(b) "The Roman Brothers" had a desire to strengthen the systems of the Senate, but "The Spartans" sought to place all power in a single king.
(c) "The Roman Brothers" aspired to despotic power, but "The Spartans had a desire for glory and honors.
(d) "The Roman Brothers" sought to serve the Romans, but "The Spartans" sought to inspire revolution against Sparta's kings.

4. How does Plutarch explain public anger both Dion and Brutus received for their stands against Dionysius II and Caesar respectively?
(a) The public was angry at Dion for having allowed Dionysius II to escape, but the public was angry with Brutus for killing a popular leader.
(b) The public was angry at Dion for trying to take Dionysius II's throne, but it was angry at Brutus for turning away from the vacant throne.
(c) The public was angry at Dion for leaving Syracuse after he overthrew Dionysius II, but it was angry at Brutus for not staying in Rome.
(d) The public was angry at Dion for opposing an effective leader, but it was angry at Brutus for not having a trial on Caesar's crimes.

5. According to Plutarch, what lead to the death of Aratus' father?
(a) He was chosen to as a magistrate over Sicyon as it tried to relieve itself from several tyrannies.
(b) He died in battle for Sicyon.
(c) He was killed by a jealous magistrate wanting to take his power.
(d) He was killed after being exposed as leader of a conspiracy to overthrow a tyranny.

Short Answer Questions

1. What did Plutarch claim came of Caius after his death?

2. For what does Plutarch claim Marcus Brutus is known?

3. How does Plutarch explain that Aratus finally end Nicocles' reign over Sicyon?

4. How did Plutarch claim Artaxerxes avoided a war with the Spartans?

5. Who does Plutarch claim to be the three Macedonian Kings under whom Demosthenes lived?

Short Essay Questions

1. What steps did Plutarch describe that gave Tiberius the ability to pass his land reform laws?

2. How did Antony inspire a revolt against the assassins of Caesar, according to Plutarch?

3. How did Plutarch describe the defeat of Brutus after the death of Caesar?

4. What does Plutarch consider to be the difference in the deaths of the Gracci and the Spartans?

5. What did Plutarch consider to be the difference between the several wives that Demetrius took as opposed to Antony taking up with Cleopatra?

6. According to Plutarch, why did Atarus leave Sicyon to grow up and get educated in Argos?

7. How does Plutarch show the differences in the personalities between Demosthenes and Cicero through their rhetorical style?

8. Why does Plutarch suggest Caesar showed favor to Brutus despite Brutus siding with Pompey during the civil war with Caesar?

9. What did Plutarch identify as the marks of Cicero's oratory style?

10. How did Artaxerxes become King of Persia, according to Plutarch?

(see the answer keys)

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