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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. How does Plutarch report that Demosthenes and Cicero showed the differences in their personalities through their speeches?
(a) Demosthenes was serious and eloquent, but Cicero loved to jest and make fun of his opponents.
(b) Demosthenes was somber and deliberte, but Cicero was trivial and lighthearted.
(c) Demosthenes loved to just and make fun of his opponents, but Cicero was serious and eloquent.
(d) Demosthenes was trivial and lighthearted, but Cicero was somber and deliberate.

2. Where did Demosthenes encourage Greeks to resist the rule of Philip and Alexander, according to Plutarch?
(a) Through a Greek defensive alliance called Achaea.
(b) At the battle of Chaeronea.
(c) In the Athenian Assembly.
(d) On the streets of Athens.

3. Who does Plutarch report to be the father of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus?
(a) Julius Caesar.
(b) Cicero.
(c) Caius Gracchus I.
(d) Tiberius Gracchus I.

4. What does Plutarch claim Demosthenes did with his suicide?
(a) Caused great sorrow to the Greeks who marveled in his wisdom.
(b) Laughed to scorn the cruelty of Antipater.
(c) Satisfied his political opponents in the Athenian Assembly.
(d) Cheated Antipater of the opportunity to publicly humiliate him.

5. What did Plutarch report as the difference in the affects on the homelands of "The Roman Brothers" and "The Spartans"?
(a) "The Roman Brothers" stabilized the government prior to its greatest empirical march, but "The Spartans" left the government stagnated and ineffectual.
(b) The work of "The Roman Brothers" gave no addition to Rome's former greatness, but "The Spartans" helped Sparta exert power over all of Peloponnesus and restored the orderly rule of the sons of Hercules.
(c) The work of "The Roman Brothers" helped to expand the Roman Empire, but "The Spartans" led to an extended captivity to Macedon.
(d) "The Roman Brothers" were responsible for the split of the Roman Empire, but "The Spartans" extended Sparta into India.

6. Why did Plutarch claim that Tiberius was beaten to death on the Senate Floor?
(a) Because homeless soldiers got tired of waiting for his success and stormed the senate floor and cornered Tiberius.
(b) Because the senate was convinced that he was involved in the conspiracy against Caesar by Antony.
(c) Because landowners became frustrated by his persistence and decided to end it in the senate.
(d) Because Octavius made a speech that associated Tiberius' actions with those who had ambitions to become king.

7. What does Plutarch consider to be the difference in the military achievements between Dion and Brutus?
(a) Dion was the better general, but Brutus faced a more worthy opponent.
(b) Dion favored closed confrontations, but Brutus preferred fighting in open fields.
(c) Brutus was a better general, but Dion faced more worthy opponents.
(d) Don was a better tactician, but Brutus was more courageous.

8. What Macedonian King did Plutarch claim regarded Aratus as a trusted adviser?
(a) Philip.
(b) Antipater.
(c) Antigonus.
(d) Alexander.

9. Who does Plutarch identify as the father of Aratus?
(a) Timoclides.
(b) Clinias.
(c) Cleon.
(d) Abantidas.

10. What is the first difference that Plutarch found between Demetrius and Antony?
(a) Demetrius' father proved his power as a great battle general, but Antony's father was not a warrior.
(b) Demetrius was born into a humble family, but Antony was born into wealth.
(c) Demetrius lived a restrained life, but Antony was a victim of his vices.
(d) Demetrius was a willing mercenary, but Antony fought only for the glory of Rome.

11. Why did Plutarch claim Artaxerxes' mother favored Cyrus as king when Darius died?
(a) Because Cyrus was peaceful and Artaxerxes was a warrior.
(b) Because Artaxerxes travelled on campaigns with his father, while Cyrus stayed and managed the home for his mother.
(c) Because Artaxerxes' mother became pregnant with him while Cyrus was married to another woman.
(d) Because she had given birth to Cyrus after Darius had become king.

12. Which one of the four being compared does Plutarch report had no great action worthy of a commander?
(a) Tiberius.
(b) Caius.
(c) Agis.
(d) Cleomenes.

13. With whom does Plutarch report that Cicero joined in a conspiracy with against the son of Caesar?
(a) Cataline and Darius.
(b) Pompey and Crassus.
(c) Antony and Lepidus.
(d) Brutus and Cassius.

14. How was Cyrus' effort to overthrow Artaxerxes ended, according to Plutarch?
(a) Their mother demanded they stop.
(b) He saw his challenge was harmful to Persia and committed suicide.
(c) Cyrus was killed in a conspiracy led by Artaxerxes' son Darius.
(d) He died in battle, supposedly by a spear thrown by Artaxerxes.

15. What is the reason Plutarch gives for Aratus deciding to make alliance with Philip of Macedon?
(a) Cleomenes' victories over nearly all Achaean cities.
(b) To benefit from the empire Philip was building.
(c) To prevent being attacked by Philip.
(d) To defend Greece from the Spartans.

Short Answer Questions

1. Who did Plutarch identify as the Senator that Brutus opposed, but joined in a civil war against Caesar?

2. Why does Plutarch claim that Cicero's leading the execution of conspirators to overthrow Rome was controversial?

3. Where does Plutarch claim that Demosthenes was when he committed suicide to avoid capture by the Macedonians?

4. How did Tiberius finally push his land reform law through the Senate, according to Plutarch?

5. What did Plutarch identify as the primary difference between "The Roman Brothers" and "The Spartans"?

(see the answer keys)

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