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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. How did Plutarch characterize Phocion's speech?
(a) "...full of instruction, abounding in happy maxims and wise thoughts, but admitted no embellishment to its austere and commanding brevity."
(b) "...That even from his infancy, in his speech, his countenance, and all his childish pastimes, he discovered and inflexible temper,..."
(c) "Few had ever said as much with a paucity of verbage."
(d) "Never had anyone said so much to so many with so few words."

2. Why did Plutarch consider Agesilaus a better general than Pompey?
(a) Agesilaus had soldiers who fought for his glory, but Pompey's soldiers fought for wealth.
(b) Agesilaus proved his virtue by confronting his enemies at their most powerful, but Pompey tried to challenge less worthy opponents.
(c) Agesilaus knew how to win battles on land or at sea, but Pompey only knew how to fight on the land.
(d) Because Agesilaus built a record of forcing his enemies into battle when they were at their weakest, but Pompey allowed his army to be beaten by Caesar's forces while they were weakened by hunger.

3. What is a major difference between Sertorius and Eumenes that Plutarch recognized?
(a) That Sertorius was a learned captain, but Eumenes gained all of his knowledge from battle.
(b) Sertorius' soldiers yielded to him freely, whereas Eumenes won a contested office by proving his superiority.
(c) That Sertorious had the support of the government, but Eumenes was in rebellion against the government.
(d) Sertorius was well read, but Eumenes was illiterate.

4. According to Plutarch, who authored laws in Lacedaemonia that caused land that was once subject to inheritance within families to be taken into a few wealthy hands?
(a) Lysander.
(b) Epitadeus.
(c) Leotychides.
(d) Leonidas.

5. How does Plutarch claim the birth order of Agis and Agesilaus affected their lives?
(a) Agis, the older, was given the inheritance of the king, but Agesilaus was given the authority over a province.
(b) Agis, the older, was the favorite of the father, but Agesilaus was the favorite of their mother.
(c) Agis, the older, was educated to be king, and Agesilaus was given a common education.
(d) Agis, the older, was trained in military matters, but Agesilaus was trained in agricultural arts.

Short Answer Questions

1. What does Plutarch claim Aristotle provided that he considered, "...a perfect portable treasure of all military virtue and knowledge...."?

2. How did Alexander show favor to Eumenes, according to Plutarch?

3. How did Agesilaus take the throne from his brother, Agis, according to Plutarch?

4. What did Plutarch claim was the final indication that Pompey had fallen out of Sylla's favor?

5. Who does Plutarch report ruled Rome in a Triumvirate while Cato served in the Senate?

Short Essay Questions

1. According to Plutarch, why did Cato fall into disfavor with Caesar?

2. What did Plutarch determine to be the difference in how Agesilaus and Pompey came to power?

3. How does Plutarch report that Caesar was assassinated?

4. What kind of commander did Plutarch consider Sertorius to be, and where did he fight and defeat Pompey?

5. What does Plutarch note about the difference between Phocion's public disagreements in the Athenian assembly and how he spoke in general conversation?

6. What does Plutarch report came of the Athens military when the Athenian Assembly went against Phocion's recommendations not to enter a war with Philip of Macedon?

7. How did Plutarch explain Lysander's misinterpretation of the prophesy regarding the successor to Agis?

8. Why did Ptolemy's son, according to Plutarch, place Cleomenes under house arrest while he was in exile in Egypt?

9. What skill did Plutarch claim Caesar used to start building political influence in the Senate?

10. How does Plutarch describe Alexander impressing his father by taming a horse?

(see the answer keys)

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