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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. How did Plutarch claim Agis and Cleomenes incurred the hatred of the rich and powerful?
(a) By taxing them to support homeless soldiers.
(b) By taking their laborers from them to fight in wars.
(c) By inciting the working class to take their property.
(d) By being desirous to restore the noble and just form of government.

2. What did Plutarch report to be the result of Cato's management of the exchequer?
(a) Cato reduced taxes, but the senate was preoccupied with using the treasury for political favors.
(b) Cato filled it with treasure and made it appear the state might be rich without oppressing the people.
(c) Cato served only briefly because of the corrupt expectations of the political system.
(d) Cato was inundated with dealing with corruption and faced down opposition.

3. What question, according to Plutarch, did Cato ask his guardian, Sarpedon, as he watched executions that were ordered by the Roman political leader?
(a) "What leader would cause this horror?"
(b) "Is this the only justice for these criminals?"
(c) "What law brings this type of justice?"
(d) "Why does nobody kill this man?"

4. What did Plutarch report to be the difference between how the island allies of Athens treated other arriving Athenian admirals compared to their reception of Phocion?
(a) Other admirals were treated as an enemy suspect, but Phocion was greeted with private boats and barges with streamers and garlands.
(b) Other admirals were greeted with private boats and barges with streamers and garlands, but Phocion was treated as an enemy suspect.
(c) Other admirals were treated with ambivalence, but they regarded Phocion with tremendous fear.
(d) Islands were opened very freely to other admirals, but they feared Phocion's plundering ways.

5. Who was the Persian King that Plutarch reported Alexander defeated on his expedition to India?
(a) Antipater.
(b) Philip.
(c) Hercules.
(d) Darius.

Short Answer Questions

1. In what sort of family does Plutarch claim Sertorius was raised?

2. What does Plutarch claim caused Caesar and Pompey to become rivals for power?

3. How did Plutarch report Caesar lost his position as Dictator?

4. Who is the famous Roman General that Plutarch claims Sertorius outwitted during his exile in Spain?

5. How did the master of Rome prior to Caesar's reign make himself an enemy to Caesar, according to Plutarch?

Short Essay Questions

1. How does Plutarch claim Athenians responded when they falsely accused Phocion of treason and killed him after a mock trial?

2. How did Plutarch explain Lysander's misinterpretation of the prophesy regarding the successor to Agis?

3. What does Plutarch identify as the cause of Alexander turning against his father, Philip?

4. How did Plutarch report the death of Cato?

5. On what occasion does Plutarch report Cato asked why his preceptor would not give him a sword to kill Sylla while he was being trained in Sylla's palace?

6. What does Plutarch claim Cleomenes did to prevent the political turmoil that overtook Agis?

7. Why did Plutarch consider Agesilaus a better general than Pompey?

8. What skill did Plutarch claim Caesar used to start building political influence in the Senate?

9. What kind of commander did Plutarch consider Sertorius to be, and where did he fight and defeat Pompey?

10. What are the similarities that Plutarch found between Sertorius and Eumenes?

(see the answer keys)

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