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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Who invaded Spartan provinces while Cleomenes was making reforms in Spartan government, according to Plutarch?
(a) Macedonian King Philip.
(b) Greek General Aratas.
(c) Persian King Darius.
(d) Roman General Pompey.

2. How did Plutarch characterize Phocion's speech?
(a) "...full of instruction, abounding in happy maxims and wise thoughts, but admitted no embellishment to its austere and commanding brevity."
(b) "...That even from his infancy, in his speech, his countenance, and all his childish pastimes, he discovered and inflexible temper,..."
(c) "Few had ever said as much with a paucity of verbage."
(d) "Never had anyone said so much to so many with so few words."

3. From whom did Phocion learn of the military during his youth, according to Plutarch?
(a) Sertorius, the Roman.
(b) Philip, the Macedonian.
(c) Chabrias, the General.
(d) Eumenes, the Spartan.

4. With whom does Plutarch report Agis ruled over the Lacedaemonians?
(a) Leonidas, son of Cleonymus.
(b) Agesilaus, his half brother.
(c) Cleomenes, husband to Agiatis.
(d) Lysander, a Spartan General.

5. After his return from Spain, with whom does Plutarch claim Caesar took power over Rome in the Triumvirate?
(a) Sylla and Nero.
(b) Crassus and Pompey.
(c) Antony and Octavius.
(d) Brutus and Cassius.

6. What does Plutarch report of Cato during this civil war?
(a) He remained in the Senate to help keep peace in Rome.
(b) He fled with Pompey and stopped in Utica while Pompey proceeded to Greece.
(c) He remained neutral only to be taken prison by Caesar after the war ended.
(d) He joined Caesar to benefit his career in the senate.

7. According to Plutarch, who authored laws in Lacedaemonia that caused land that was once subject to inheritance within families to be taken into a few wealthy hands?
(a) Epitadeus.
(b) Leotychides.
(c) Leonidas.
(d) Lysander.

8. Who does Plutarch report ruled Rome in a Triumvirate while Cato served in the Senate?
(a) Sertorius, Brutus, and Cassius.
(b) Brutus, Octavius, and Antony.
(c) Tiberius, Cicero, and Caius.
(d) Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus.

9. How did Agesilaus take the throne from his brother, Agis, according to Plutarch?
(a) Agesilaus hired conspirators to murder Agis.
(b) Agesilaus poisoned Agis.
(c) Lysander, a popular general, applied a misinterpretation of a prophesy against the rumored illegitimate son of Agis.
(d) Agesilaus defeated Agis in a duel.

10. According to Plutarch, how did Caesar begin his rise to power over Rome?
(a) By bringing wealth back to Rome after military victories and sharing it among the plebes.
(b) By forming political alliances in the Senate.
(c) By using his new learned rhetorical skills to bring charges of corruption against high-ranking officials in Sylla's administration.
(d) By using his military victories to gain political support from the population.

11. What battle against Macedon, according to Plutarch, that Phocion warned against taking that the Athenians lost under a different general?
(a) The battle for Euboea.
(b) The battle of Persia.
(c) The battle of Delphi.
(d) The battle at Chaeronea.

12. Who did Phocion advise Alexander to make war against rather than the Athenians, according to Plutarch?
(a) The Spartans.
(b) The Indians.
(c) The Romans.
(d) The Persians.

13. Why did Plutarch consider Agesilaus a better general than Pompey?
(a) Agesilaus proved his virtue by confronting his enemies at their most powerful, but Pompey tried to challenge less worthy opponents.
(b) Agesilaus knew how to win battles on land or at sea, but Pompey only knew how to fight on the land.
(c) Agesilaus had soldiers who fought for his glory, but Pompey's soldiers fought for wealth.
(d) Because Agesilaus built a record of forcing his enemies into battle when they were at their weakest, but Pompey allowed his army to be beaten by Caesar's forces while they were weakened by hunger.

14. What was Caesar's first step, according to Plutarch, when he was informed of Sylla's power being in decline?
(a) He attended the school of a famous rhetorician named Apollonius.
(b) He returned to his home realizing that Sylla no longer had the support to eliminate his enemies.
(c) He began rallying support in the senate to have Sylla removed from power.
(d) He joined with Crassus and Pompey to form a triumvirate to overpower Sylla.

15. Plutarch compares Sertorius to Philip, Antigonus, and Hannibal for his aggression, strategy, and what one other commonality?
(a) They each had a short leg.
(b) They each came from common families.
(c) They each lost a hand in battle.
(d) They each had one eye.

Short Answer Questions

1. According to Plutarch, when did Phocion rise to power in Athens?

2. What victory of Phocion over the Macedonians did Plutarch report as being that which earned the admiration of Philip, King of Macedon?

3. How was Pompey acquitted of embezzlement that Plutarch reported was accused against his father after he died?

4. What came of Rome after Crassus died, according to Plutarch?

5. Who joined Agis to turn back the laws that placed inherited land under control of a few wealthy families, according to Plutarch?

(see the answer keys)

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