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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Who invaded Spartan provinces while Cleomenes was making reforms in Spartan government, according to Plutarch?
(a) Persian King Darius.
(b) Macedonian King Philip.
(c) Roman General Pompey.
(d) Greek General Aratas.

2. What question, according to Plutarch, did Cato ask his guardian, Sarpedon, as he watched executions that were ordered by the Roman political leader?
(a) "Why does nobody kill this man?"
(b) "What law brings this type of justice?"
(c) "Is this the only justice for these criminals?"
(d) "What leader would cause this horror?"

3. Who did Plutarch claim Agis had imprisoned and hanged?
(a) Leotychides.
(b) Lysander.
(c) Leonidas.
(d) Agesilaus.

4. According to Plutarch, what eventually led to Alexander and his mother, Olympia, separating from Philip to become his rivals?
(a) Philip's many marriages.
(b) Philip's drunken display at the wedding of one of his nieces.
(c) Philip's humiliating defeat against the Spartans.
(d) Philip's squandering the family wealth on horses and soldiers.

5. With whom does Plutarch report Agis ruled over the Lacedaemonians?
(a) Lysander, a Spartan General.
(b) Agesilaus, his half brother.
(c) Cleomenes, husband to Agiatis.
(d) Leonidas, son of Cleonymus.

6. According to Plutarch, how did Caesar begin his rise to power over Rome?
(a) By forming political alliances in the Senate.
(b) By bringing wealth back to Rome after military victories and sharing it among the plebes.
(c) By using his military victories to gain political support from the population.
(d) By using his new learned rhetorical skills to bring charges of corruption against high-ranking officials in Sylla's administration.

7. In what sort of family does Plutarch claim Eumenes was raised?
(a) A noble family.
(b) A poor laboring family.
(c) A military family
(d) A ruling class family.

8. Why does Plutarch claim Philip believed that Alexander was a demi-god?
(a) Because there were three omens that prophets interpreted that Alexander's birth was exalted.
(b) Because Alexander showed unnatural skill and intelligence from an early age.
(c) Because Philip had a dream about serpents sleeping with Olympia that were signs of Jupiter's presence.
(d) Because Philip once saw a serpent sleeping with his wife and he was advised by a pagan priest that the serpent was Ammon (Zeus, Jupiter) who had taken that form.

9. What does Plutarch claim Aristotle provided that he considered, "...a perfect portable treasure of all military virtue and knowledge...."?
(a) Aristotle's collection of military histories.
(b) Aristotle's personally corrected copy of Homer's Illiads.
(c) Aristotle's maps of important sites in Persia.
(d) Aristotle's writings regarding the proper training and preparation of soldiers.

10. How did Plutarch claim Agis and Cleomenes incurred the hatred of the rich and powerful?
(a) By taxing them to support homeless soldiers.
(b) By being desirous to restore the noble and just form of government.
(c) By inciting the working class to take their property.
(d) By taking their laborers from them to fight in wars.

11. From whom did Phocion learn of the military during his youth, according to Plutarch?
(a) Eumenes, the Spartan.
(b) Sertorius, the Roman.
(c) Philip, the Macedonian.
(d) Chabrias, the General.

12. Where does Plutarch report Alexander died?
(a) Persia.
(b) Babylon.
(c) Athens.
(d) India.

13. According to Plutarch's report, how did Phocion become general more than 45 times?
(a) He was elected to lead the armies by free election.
(b) He sold his services to many land owners who needed protection.
(c) He subverted the commands of many generals.
(d) He was willing to fight for any kingdom that desired his services.

14. What did Plutarch report to be Phocion's view of war whenever he was brought into debates with other Greek leaders?
(a) He believe a man could have no greater virtue than the desire to face bloody combat.
(b) He always advocated drawing the enemy out into the open.
(c) His advice was always for peace and quietness.
(d) He thrilled in the adventure of defeating an enemy.

15. How old was Alexander when Plutarch claims he took the Macedonian throne after Philip's death?
(a) 16.
(b) 20.
(c) 18.
(d) 14.

Short Answer Questions

1. How did Plutarch report that Cato prevented the Roman Senate from naming Caesar the Consul of Rome?

2. Who does Plutarch report ruled Rome in a Triumvirate while Cato served in the Senate?

3. Who joined Agis to turn back the laws that placed inherited land under control of a few wealthy families, according to Plutarch?

4. What did Plutarch report of Phocion's temperament?

5. How did Plutarch characterize Phocion's speech?

(see the answer keys)

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