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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Who invaded Spartan provinces while Cleomenes was making reforms in Spartan government, according to Plutarch?
(a) Greek General Aratas.
(b) Roman General Pompey.
(c) Macedonian King Philip.
(d) Persian King Darius.

2. After his return from Spain, with whom does Plutarch claim Caesar took power over Rome in the Triumvirate?
(a) Antony and Octavius.
(b) Sylla and Nero.
(c) Crassus and Pompey.
(d) Brutus and Cassius.

3. What battle against Macedon, according to Plutarch, that Phocion warned against taking that the Athenians lost under a different general?
(a) The battle at Chaeronea.
(b) The battle for Euboea.
(c) The battle of Persia.
(d) The battle of Delphi.

4. What does Plutarch report to be the condition of Lacedaemonia when Agis and his partner began their reign?
(a) Lacedaemonia had risen to become the most powerful of Spartan cities.
(b) It was taken by avarice, a base spirit, luxury, effeminacy and had fallen from her former virtue and repute.
(c) It was beaten down by wars with citizens who had lost hope of recovery.
(d) Lacedaemonia had become little more than a crossroad for commerce to more industrious cities.

5. In what sort of activity did Eumenes get the attention of Philip of Macedon, according to Plutarch?
(a) Breaking horses at a stable.
(b) Delivering speeches in his school.
(c) Youth matches in Cardia.
(d) Working as a servant in Philip's palace.

6. From whom did Phocion learn of the military during his youth, according to Plutarch?
(a) Chabrias, the General.
(b) Eumenes, the Spartan.
(c) Sertorius, the Roman.
(d) Philip, the Macedonian.

7. What question, according to Plutarch, did Cato ask his guardian, Sarpedon, as he watched executions that were ordered by the Roman political leader?
(a) "Why does nobody kill this man?"
(b) "What leader would cause this horror?"
(c) "Is this the only justice for these criminals?"
(d) "What law brings this type of justice?"

8. How did Plutarch report that Cato prevented the Roman Senate from naming Caesar the Consul of Rome?
(a) He kept the motion to make Caesar consul in the committee.
(b) He used his authority to adjust the calendar of the senate.
(c) He spent the entire day speaking and prevented the Senate from acting on the motion.
(d) He used his authority to prevent senators from entering the senate.

9. What does Plutarch claim Aristotle provided that he considered, "...a perfect portable treasure of all military virtue and knowledge...."?
(a) Aristotle's maps of important sites in Persia.
(b) Aristotle's collection of military histories.
(c) Aristotle's writings regarding the proper training and preparation of soldiers.
(d) Aristotle's personally corrected copy of Homer's Illiads.

10. What did Plutarch report to be the result of Cato's management of the exchequer?
(a) Cato reduced taxes, but the senate was preoccupied with using the treasury for political favors.
(b) Cato served only briefly because of the corrupt expectations of the political system.
(c) Cato filled it with treasure and made it appear the state might be rich without oppressing the people.
(d) Cato was inundated with dealing with corruption and faced down opposition.

11. Why does Plutarch claim Philip believed that Alexander was a demi-god?
(a) Because Philip had a dream about serpents sleeping with Olympia that were signs of Jupiter's presence.
(b) Because there were three omens that prophets interpreted that Alexander's birth was exalted.
(c) Because Philip once saw a serpent sleeping with his wife and he was advised by a pagan priest that the serpent was Ammon (Zeus, Jupiter) who had taken that form.
(d) Because Alexander showed unnatural skill and intelligence from an early age.

12. Who did Phocion advise Alexander to make war against rather than the Athenians, according to Plutarch?
(a) The Romans.
(b) The Persians.
(c) The Indians.
(d) The Spartans.

13. How was Pompey acquitted of embezzlement that Plutarch reported was accused against his father after he died?
(a) Pompey proved his father was in Spain governing the Roman province when the money had disappeared.
(b) Pompey set us his own slave as having stolen the funds.
(c) Pompey pledged his loyalty to Sylla.
(d) Pompey traced the thefts to a freed slave of his father's, named Alexander.

14. Who did Plutarch report to be the father of Agis and Agesilaus?
(a) Duris the historian.
(b) Zeuxidamus, King of the Lacedaemonians.
(c) Alcibiades.
(d) Archidamus, king of the Lacedaemonians.

15. In what sort of family does Plutarch claim Sertorius was raised?
(a) A military family.
(b) A poor laboring family.
(c) A noble family.
(d) A ruling class family.

Short Answer Questions

1. What did Plutarch report to be Agesilaus' physical deformity?

2. What did Plutarch report of Phocion's temperament?

3. With whom does Plutarch report Agis ruled over the Lacedaemonians?

4. What is the first similarity that Plutarch recognized between Sertorius and Eumenes?

5. What does Plutarch report of Cato during this civil war?

(see the answer keys)

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