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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. How is Nietzsche found after he suffers a fit of apoplexy?

2. What concept does Spencer share with Schopenhauer?

3. What affects Schopenhauer as he travels through France and Austria?

4. What does Kant set out to prove is innate and does not come from experience?

5. What has a materialistic bias from mathematics and mechanics through the developing sciences?

Short Essay Questions

1. How does Nietzsche see Christian theology in his day?

2. Define the difference between the study of science and the study of social studies and political affairs.

3. How does Schopenhauer's philosophy sound like modern merchandising?

4. Describe Herbert Spencer as a man.

5. Analyzing religious ideas in First Principles, what does Spencer conclude?

6. Describe briefly Spencer's definition of life.

7. What is the implication of Schopenhauer's claim that the world is his idea in his book, The World as Will and Idea?

8. How does Kant's work ironically work against his stated aim?

9. Describe the competition between Schopenhauer and Hegel.

10. In his The Critique of Pure Reason how does Kant say knowledge comes?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Write an essay on Santayana's concept of Animal Faith which he says he lives by. Express your opinion about his assertion that Animal Faith may be faith in a myth but it is a good myth. Include the idea of being skeptically strict to justify a certain amount of Animal Faith to live by. Show how Santayana suggests that transcendentalism leaves room for a need for Animal Faith.

Essay Topic 2

Write an essay expressing your opinion on a mathematical formula for explaining life and evolution. Include examples of philosophers dedicated to the mathematical model and those who opposed it.

Essay Topic 3

Write an essay on the death of Socrates. In your essay discuss the devotion of his students and why Socrates chooses not to escape Athens but drink the hemlock instead. Be sure to include the real reason Socrates is sentenced to death.

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