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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What does Democritus claim that Aristotle disagrees with?
(a) the soul is temporary
(b) the soul is imaginary
(c) there is no such thing as soul
(d) the soul is material

2. What does Voltaire's Essay on Morals become?
(a) a template for how to do research
(b) the last of his great works
(c) a book banned by every nations
(d) the basis of modern historical science

3. What does Spinoza do to support himself?
(a) gives violin lessons
(b) writes for a newspaper
(c) tutors students
(d) grinds optical lenses

4. What does Voltaire's father tell him will come from an education in literature?
(a) make him a bookworm
(b) make him indispensible to society
(c) make him a great author
(d) make him useless to society

5. What is Aristotle's foundation of logic?
(a) the way to ask Socratic questions
(b) the way to make a syllogysm
(c) the art and method of correct thinking
(d) the art of listening

Short Answer Questions

1. What is the first of four books written by Spinoza?

2. Where does Voltaire write The Romances?

3. How old is Francis Bacon when he resolves to turn philosophy from scholastic arguments to illumination and increase of human good?

4. Why does Spinoza say an allegorical interpretation of the Bible allows it to be?

5. What, according to Spinoza, is scripture intended to promote?

Short Essay Questions

1. How does Voltaire research his writing?

2. Describe Spinoza's synonymous dichotomies.

3. What is a common criticism of Voltaire?

4. How is Bacon's philosophy comparable to Plato's?

5. Describe the origins of stoicism and Epicureanism in Greek philosophy.

6. Explain the reasons for a break between Plato and Aristotle.

7. How can Voltaire's life be compared to that of socrates?

8. Describe the idols Bacon identifies and wants to eliminate.

9. How does Spinoza's education come from questions he wants answers to?

10. Describe Voltaire's The Essay on Morals.

(see the answer keys)

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