GE MYTHOLOGY. Before Brazilian expansion diminished their territories, the widely scattered, generally independent and isolated groups that speak languages of the Ge family occupied a large expanse of the Brazilian interior, from approxima...

G. E. M. Anscombe was a wide-ranging analytic philosopher of the first rank, a close student and translator of major works of Ludwig Wittgenstein, and a Roman Catholic social activist and apologist. She was known for her keen and penetrati...

Godfrey Harold Hardy was one of the foremost mathematicians in England during the early part of the 20th century. He was primarily a pure mathematician, specializing in branches of mathematics that study the behavior of numbers (such as nu...

GURDJIEFF, G. I. Georgii Ivanovich Gurdzhiv (1866–1949) was a spiritual teacher of esoteric knowledge who claimed to have discovered specific methods for developing the human consciousness toward a more awakened state. Gurdjieff was...

The American psychologist and educator Granville Stanley Hall (1844-1924) pioneered in developing psychology in the United States. His wide-ranging and prolific writings reveal a central theme best characterized as genetic psychology or ev...

In 1944, social and economic concerns, higher education, veterans' issues, and federal legislation merged in a way never before experienced in the history of the United States with the passage of the Servicemen's Readjustment...

Salt is exuded in perspiration and other body excretions and must be replaced; therefore salt is absolutely necessary for human beings. Salt is also useful for preserving and flavoring food, but it is not evenly distributed throughout the ...

1797-1876 French physician who pioneered the field of blood pathology and wrote the first textbook on internal medicine. Andral studied the blood of both animals and humans, and was the first to describe the proportions of the constituents...

Gabriel Cramer labored in the shadow of his more well-known mathematical contemporaries. Cramer added to mathematical knowledge in the areas of analysis, determinants, and geometry. Both Cramer's ruleand Cramer's paradox, discussed below, ...

1795-1870 French mathematician who made important contributions in the areas of differential geometry and number theory. Lamé also worked on Fermat's Last Theorem, engineering mathematics, and elasticity, as well as studying th...

Born in Modena, Falloppio was a famous doctor and surgeon, an academic, and an author. The uterine tubes were named after him (fallopian tubes) for his work in describing them. With Andreas Vesalius and Bartolemeo Eustachio, Falloppio is c...

GADJERI. The name Gadjeri (Gadjari, Kadjeri) is known over a wide area of northern Australia. It means "old woman," implying status and not necessarily age. Gadjeri is also the "sacred mother," or "mother...

Mosca, Gaetano(1858–1941) Gaetano Mosca, an Italian legal and political theorist and statesman, was born in Palermo. He was one of several social theorists, including Vilfredo Pareto and Robert Michels, who gave currency to the conc...

GAIA theory was first proposed by the English scientist James Lovelock in 1979 to explain how and why, as life appeared on the planet and grew abundant, its evolution and the earth's evolution merged into a single dynamic system he ...

Gail Devers is one of the fastest women in the world. In 1992 she achieved fame by winning the 100-meter sprint at the Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, then became only the second woman to repeat as champion in the event as she won aga...

(d. 1364), Javanese military leader. The Hindu-Javanese kingdom of Majapahit, established in 1293 by the East Javanese king Vijaya (d. 1328), experienced its golden age in the fourteenth century CE, owing to the military prowess and politi...

GALAXIES Nearly all the matter in the universe is concentrated in galaxies. A galaxy is a gigantic mass of stars held together by gravity. The largest contain millions of stars. The smallest have just a few million, but even small galaxies...

Galen (130-200), Greek physician, anatomist, physiologist, philosopher, and lexicographer, was probably the most influential physician of all time. Throughout his life Galen was a prolific writer, producing his first books, Three Commentar...

GALLICANISM. The political dominance of the papacy during a period of the high Middle Ages was necessarily a temporary phenomenon. In central Europe the political fragmentation that followed Charlemagne's attempt at imperial restora...

Galois theory is related to group theory, which is a powerful method employed in the analysis of abstract and physical systems that contain symmetry. Group theory plays a critical role in many scientific areas: it is the fundamental basis ...

The galvanometer, a device used to measure extremely small electrical currents, traces its origin back to 1820. In that year Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851) discovered that an electric current flowing in a wire created a magnetic field ...

Republic of The Gambia CAPITAL: Banjul (formerly Bathurst) FLAG: The flag is a tricolor of red, blue, and green horizontal bands, separated by narrow white stripes. ANTHEM: For The Gambia, Our Homeland. MONETARY UNIT: In 1971, the dalasi (...

The video game entertainment industry is a multi-billion dollar international enterprise that has seen many technological advancements since its inception in the early 1960s. From primitive home entertainment systems wired by simple integr...

Birds and mammals commonly hunted for sport. The major groups include upland game birds (quail, pheasant, and partridge), waterfowl (ducks and geese), and big game (deer, antelope, and bears). Game animals are protected to varying degrees ...