South American Indian peoples who speak languages of the Macro-Ge group. They inhabit eastern and southern Brazil and part of northern Paraguay. The Ge peoples include the Northwestern Ge (Timbira, Northern and Southern Kayapó, and ...

G. E. M. Anscombe was a wide-ranging analytic philosopher of the first rank, a close student and translator of major works of Ludwig Wittgenstein, and a Roman Catholic social activist and apologist. She was known for her keen and penetrati...

Godfrey Harold Hardy was one of the foremost mathematicians in England during the early part of the 20th century. He was primarily a pure mathematician, specializing in branches of mathematics that study the behavior of numbers (such as nu...

(born 1872?, Alexandropol, Armenia, Russian Empire—died Oct. 29, 1949, Neuilly, near Paris, France) Armenian mystic and philosopher. He apparently traveled in the Middle East, Africa, and Central Asia as a young man. He taught in Mos...

The American psychologist and educator Granville Stanley Hall (1844-1924) pioneered in developing psychology in the United States. His wide-ranging and prolific writings reveal a central theme best characterized as genetic psychology or ev...

(1944) U.S. legislation that provided benefits to World War II veterans. Through the Veterans Administration (VA), the bill provided grants for school and college tuition, low-interest mortgage and small-business loans, job training, hirin...

Salt is exuded in perspiration and other body excretions and must be replaced; therefore salt is absolutely necessary for human beings. Salt is also useful for preserving and flavoring food, but it is not evenly distributed throughout the ...

1797-1876 French physician who pioneered the field of blood pathology and wrote the first textbook on internal medicine. Andral studied the blood of both animals and humans, and was the first to describe the proportions of the constituents...

Gabriel Cramer labored in the shadow of his more well-known mathematical contemporaries. Cramer added to mathematical knowledge in the areas of analysis, determinants, and geometry. Both Cramer's ruleand Cramer's paradox, discussed below, ...

1795-1870 French mathematician who made important contributions in the areas of differential geometry and number theory. Lamé also worked on Fermat's Last Theorem, engineering mathematics, and elasticity, as well as studying th...

Gabriela, Clove and Cinnamon by Jorge Amado Born on a cacao plantation in 1912, Jorge Amado was the son of well-to-do landowners in the city of Ilh...

Born in Modena, Falloppio was a famous doctor and surgeon, an academic, and an author. The uterine tubes were named after him (fallopian tubes) for his work in describing them. With Andreas Vesalius and Bartolemeo Eustachio, Falloppio is c...

GADJERI. The name Gadjeri (Gadjari, Kadjeri) is known over a wide area of northern Australia. It means "old woman," implying status and not necessarily age. Gadjeri is also the "sacred mother," or "mother...

(born April 1, 1958, Palermo, Sicily, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies—died Nov. 8, 1941, Rome, Italy) Italian political theorist. Educated at the University of Palermo, he taught constitutional law there (1885–88) and at the Univer...

Greek personification of the Earth as a goddess. Mother and wife of Uranus (Heaven), from whom the Titan Cronus, her last-born child by him, separated her, she was also mother of the other Titans, the Gigantes, the Erinyes, and the Cyclope...

Gail Devers is one of the fastest women in the world. In 1992 she achieved fame by winning the 100-meter sprint at the Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, then became only the second woman to repeat as champion in the event as she won aga...

(died 1364) Prime minister of the Majapahit empire and a national hero in Indonesia. Born a commoner, Gajah Mada rose to power on his intelligence, courage, and loyalty to King Jayanagara (r. 1309–28), whom he restored to power after...

any of the systems of stars and interstellar matter that make up the cosmos. Many such assemblages are so enormous that they contain hundreds of billions of stars. Nature has provided an immensely varied array of galaxies, ranging from fai...

Galen (130-200), Greek physician, anatomist, physiologist, philosopher, and lexicographer, was probably the most influential physician of all time. Throughout his life Galen was a prolific writer, producing his first books, Three Commentar...

GALLICANISM. The political dominance of the papacy during a period of the high Middle Ages was necessarily a temporary phenomenon. In central Europe the political fragmentation that followed Charlemagne's attempt at imperial restora...

Galois theory is related to group theory, which is a powerful method employed in the analysis of abstract and physical systems that contain symmetry. Group theory plays a critical role in many scientific areas: it is the fundamental basis ...

Instrument for measuring small electric currents by deflection of a moving coil. A common galvanometer consists of a light coil of wire suspended from a metallic ribbon between the poles of a permanent magnet. As current passes through the...

country in western Africa situated on the Atlantic coast and surrounded by the neighbouring country of Senegal. It occupies a long narrow strip of land that surrounds the Gambia River. The land is flat and is dominated by the river, which ...

old and popular children's game in which one player closes his or her eyes for a brief period (often counting to 100) while the other players hide. The seeker then opens his eyes and tries to find the hiders; the first one found is the nex...

Birds and mammals commonly hunted for sport. The major groups include upland game birds (quail, pheasant, and partridge), waterfowl (ducks and geese), and big game (deer, antelope, and bears). Game animals are protected to varying degrees ...