C++ (pronounced see plus-plus) is a general-purpose, compiled, object-orientated programming language that has its roots in the C programming language. In early 1980 Bjarne Stroustrup of Bell Laboratories began developing C++. The first C...

Cyril Dean Darlington's research and writing centered on chromosomes, genes, and the process of meiosis. Darlington's work on chromosomes helped shape the understanding of how evolution is dependent upon the concepts of hereditary mechanis...

Chakravarti Rajagopalachari (1879-1972) was a prominent Indian nationalist leader, first Indian governor general of his country, and founder of the Swatantra party. He also wrote a popular version of the "Mahabharata." Chakravarti Rajagopa...

American sociologist and political polemicist C. Wright Mills (1916-1962) argued that the academic elite has a moral duty to lead the way to a better society by actively indoctrinating the masses with values. On Aug. 28, 1916, C. Wright Mi...

In the 1960s, two Australian scientists, M.D. Hatch and C.R. Slack described a new pathway for carbon fixation in photosynthesis. The Hatch-Slack pathway describes a biochemical system in which carbon is first incorporated into the four-ca...

The Cabbage Patch Kids doll-craze was an unprecedented phenomenon among children and their parents that swept America during the 1980s, reflecting, perhaps, the cultural leanings of an era intent on expressing family values. By comparison ...

As currency, beverage, and divine plant, cacao (Theobroma cacao, family Sterculiaceae) has played an important role in ancient Central American cultures. To the Mayans, the plant was a gift from their gods—implied in the name Theobr...

The members of family Cactaceae are a group of dicotyledonous flowering plants that are primarily native to various dry or seasonally dry habitats in North and South America. Due to the presence of specialized fleshy stems, they are classi...

For several decades of the twentieth century, the Cadillac, a car made by General Motors' luxury automobile division, was the most enduring symbol of middle-class achievement for status-conscious Americans. Nowhere is the past and s...

In China, the term "cadre" refers both to all party functionaries and civil servants in administrative institutions, public organizations, and armed forces and to persons in leading positions. It is important to differentiate...

Sid Caesar was one of the most familiar and talented television performers of the 1950s. His skills as a dialectician, pantomime, and monologist made him a favorite of the critics and a fixture on Saturday night television from 1950 to 195...

In 1860, Cesium was discovered by Gustav Kirchoff and Robert Bunsen in Germany, while using a spectrophotometer to view lines identifying elements in Durkheim mineral water. Cesium is found in pollucite (a hydrated cesium silicate of al...

The Cagayan River is the longest and largest river in the Philippines. The Cagayan Valley in Luzon is covered by the deep alluvium deposited by the river and its various tributaries, the main ones being the Chico, Ilagan, and Magat Rivers....

50-121 Chinese official credited with the invention of paper. In 105 Ts'ai Lun, a eunuch in the court of the Han Dynasty emperor, suggested creating paper out of tree bark, scraps of hemp, rags, and old fishnet. Not only was this fa...

The Caine Mutiny by Herman Wouk Herman Wouk was born May 27, 1915, in New York to Jewish immigrant parents. After graduating from Columbia University, he wrote jokes for radio comedians, and then he began to compose scripts. By 1941 Wouk wa...

In the construction of bridge piers and deep-water docks, it is necessary to provide the workers a water-free environment to excavate the foundations. In shallow water and on dry land, coffer dams and open-air caissons are sufficient. For ...

CAKRASAMVARA. The term Cakrasamvara, "the binding of the wheels," designates both a Buddhist scripture and also the maṇḍala that it describes, which is the abode of a host of deities centering around the divine ...

Cal Ripken, Jr. (born 1960) holds many records in professional baseball, but it is his breaking of Lou Gehrig's record of 2,131 consecutive games played that especially endears him to his admirers, who call him the "Iron Man" of baseball. ...

Calcareous ooze is the general term for layers of muddy, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) bearing soft rock sediment on the seafloor. Of all the distinct types of veneers covering the Earth's crust—be it soil, sediment, snow, or ice...

Calcium is the third element in Group 2 of the periodic table. The members of this group are commonly described as the alkaline earth elements. Calcium's atomic number is 20, its atomic mass is 40.08, and its chemical symbol is Ca. Calciu...

Calcium Hydroxide Overview Calcium hydroxide (KAL-see-um hye-DROK-side) is a soft, white odorless solid that occurs as granules or a powder. It has a slightly bitter, alkaline taste. Calcium hydroxide absorbs carbon dioxide readily from the...

Calcium Oxide Overview Calcium oxide (KAL-see-um OK-side) is an odorless crystalline or powdery solid that, in a pure form, is white to off-gray. It often appears with a yellowish or brownish tint to the presence of impurities, especially i...

Calcium Silicate Overview The term calcium silicate (KAL-see-um SILL-i-kate) applies to a number of related compounds consisting of calcium, silicon, and oxygen, all of which tend to occur in a hydrated form. The most common of these forms ...

Although the abacus, the first tool of calculation, has existed since ancient times, advanced calculating machines did not appear until the early 1600s. Scientists and mathematicians were determined to simplify complex astronomical and nav...

AP Calculus Course Outcome Summary Information Credits 1 Organization Hartford Union High School Mission/Description Mission Statement: Our mathematics program is designed to enable all students to function successfully in a number-r...