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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Where did Marx learn about the ideas of Saint-Simon?

2. How did Taine examine works of literature?

3. What did Babeuf do when he got out of prison?

4. How does Edmund Wilson describe Anatole France?

5. How were Marx' early writings received?

Short Essay Questions

1. What opinions were shared by Fourier and Owen?

2. Describe Anatole France's career.

3. Describe Babeuf's early career.

4. Describe Michelet's methods?

5. What was Vico's effect on Michelet?

6. How was Saint-Simon representative of the new breed of intellectual in the 19th-century?

7. What reforms did Saint-Simon want to institute?

8. What was Renan's view of society?

9. Describe Michelet's politics.

10. What happened to Michelet as a result of his writing?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Which of the thinkers which Edmund Wilson describes had the greatest effect on bringing about the Russian Revolution? What metrics would you use to justify such a claim for a particular thinker?

Essay Topic 2

What changes in European and Russian cultures created ripe conditions for the socialist thought that led from Hegel to Michelet and, ultimately, to Lenin? Was it industrialism, or was it economic transition itself?

Essay Topic 3

Using Michelet's method of looking at paradoxes in a culture, can you say that there was a moment when the Russian Revolution became inevitable as the choice people would make in response to the paradoxes or contradictions of their times? What forces had been held in paradoxical stability that were now resolved or translated into another relation?

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