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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What did Michelet write after he had become the Conservator of the French Archives?
(a) The Insect.
(b) Introduction to Universal History.
(c) Roman History.
(d) History of the Middle Ages.

2. What did La Scienza Nuova do for Michelet?
(a) It gave him a new religious perspective on the origin of the universe.
(b) It allowed him to tie all branches of science together.
(c) It let him tell a new and different history of France.
(d) It gave him a new standard for validating experimental results.

3. According to Edmund Wilson, Saint-Simon represented______________.
(a) The poor.
(b) The ancien regime.
(c) The bourgeoisie.
(d) The new kind of writer.

4. What did Babeuf do when he got out of prison?
(a) Went into exile.
(b) Joined the underground.
(c) Began to use violence as a political tool.
(d) Wrote incendiary political tracts.

5. What was the French Enlightenment doctrine that inspired both Fourier and Owen?
(a) The notion that man is fundamentally good, but is corrupted by institutions.
(b) That idea that man internalizes the tension between civilization and anarchy.
(c) The concept man is corrupt and evil except for the church and government.
(d) The belief that man will always be at war with himself.

6. Why was Marx placed under police surveillance at the university?
(a) For debt.
(b) For subverting the university.
(c) For subversive ideas.
(d) For womanizing.

7. How did Taine examine works of literature?
(a) As historical way posts.
(b) As specimens.
(c) As living spiritual events.
(d) As living experiences.

8. How does Edmund Wilson describe Taine's approach to history?
(a) Scientific.
(b) Spiritual.
(c) Biographical.
(d) Journalistic.

9. Where did Michelet go during his travels through Europe?
(a) Churches.
(b) Monasteries.
(c) Libraries.
(d) Battlefields.

10. What did Taine study after 1871, when the Commune was established?
(a) Politics and economics.
(b) Philosophy and language.
(c) Science and religion.
(d) Mysticism and spirituality.

11. To what does Edmund Wilson attribute the need for political action in the early/mid 1800s?
(a) Riots and strikes.
(b) Centralization of power in the hands of the aristocracy.
(c) Droughts.
(d) Lack of reform by Friedrich Wilhelm IV.

12. What organization did Michelet want to create?
(a) A congress of industrial leaders.
(b) An international monetary fund.
(c) A European army to keep workers in line.
(d) An armed peace league.

13. What did Fourier and Owen believe about the relationship between groups and society?
(a) There should be perfect freedom of mobility throughout a society, no matter how large.
(b) There should be small, limited societies within the greater society.
(c) There should be absolute rule by an all-powerful monarch.
(d) There should be small communes, then larger communities, then regional societies, then a loosely-affiliated confederacy. There should be absolute rule by an all-powerful monarch.

14. According to the author, what happened to the bourgeoisie after the French Revolution?
(a) They were reduced to workers.
(b) They became the capitalist owners.
(c) They became entrepreneurs.
(d) They retained their power.

15. On what point did Marx agree with Engels when he first read his work?
(a) History would culminate in a workers' state.
(b) German philosophy didn't provide social principles.
(c) One spirit undergirded all of history's development.
(d) Economics was crippled by being divorced from morality and religion.

Short Answer Questions

1. What French philosopher influenced both Fourier and Owen?

2. What did Michelet write about beginning in 1843?

3. What did Fourier and Owen believe about the role of government?

4. According to the author, what was the result of the French Revolution?

5. What did La Scienza Nuova examine?

(see the answer keys)

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