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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What did Taine study after 1871, when the Commune was established?
(a) Politics and economics.
(b) Science and religion.
(c) Philosophy and language.
(d) Mysticism and spirituality.

2. What did Fourier and Owen believe about the role of government?
(a) It should be concerned with public morality.
(b) It should be founded in church doctrine.
(c) It should be based on its ability to maintain order.
(d) It should focus on industry.

3. According to the author, what was the result of the French Revolution?
(a) The people acquired vast political power.
(b) Wealth was concentrated in a few hands.
(c) The church acquired large amounts of land.
(d) Private property was abolished in many places.

4. Michelet said that the bourgeoisie __________________.
(a) Are not in touch with the people.
(b) Are the majority of people.
(c) Own the means of production.
(d) Benefit by the oppression of the poor.

5. What did Fourier and Owen believe about the relationship between groups and society?
(a) There should be absolute rule by an all-powerful monarch.
(b) There should be small, limited societies within the greater society.
(c) There should be perfect freedom of mobility throughout a society, no matter how large.
(d) There should be small communes, then larger communities, then regional societies, then a loosely-affiliated confederacy. There should be absolute rule by an all-powerful monarch.

6. What French philosopher influenced both Fourier and Owen?
(a) Voltaire.
(b) Rousseau.
(c) de Sade.
(d) Diderot.

7. What made Michelet unique?
(a) He described the underlying unity of historical themes.
(b) He wrote in the language of the ordinary man.
(c) He injected his own feelings into his historical narrative.
(d) He saw the interrelatedness of all life.

8. What did Michelet focus on in his histories?
(a) Laws.
(b) Paradoxes.
(c) Traditions.
(d) Customs.

9. What organization did Michelet want to create?
(a) An armed peace league.
(b) A congress of industrial leaders.
(c) A European army to keep workers in line.
(d) An international monetary fund.

10. What was Michelet's relationship with Marx and Engels?
(a) They were all persecuted together.
(b) They all signed an international pacifist manifesto.
(c) They all worked toward brokering a peace between owners and workers.
(d) They all endorsed class warfare against the rich.

11. Why did Marx decide to leave Germany?
(a) He was broke.
(b) He was wanted for his political activities.
(c) He was always being threatened.
(d) It was becoming too rigid for his views.

12. What does Edmund Wilson say Taine tried to represent in his history?
(a) The pattern on the loom of French nationalist literature.
(b) The reality of the France in which he lived.
(c) The underlying spiritual development in French culture.
(d) The underlying economic laws that regulated French life.

13. To what does Edmund Wilson attribute the need for political action in the early/mid 1800s?
(a) Centralization of power in the hands of the aristocracy.
(b) Droughts.
(c) Riots and strikes.
(d) Lack of reform by Friedrich Wilhelm IV.

14. How old was Anatole France at the time of the Commune?
(a) Fifty-one.
(b) Thirty-seven.
(c) Twenty-one.
(d) Twenty-seven.

15. According to Edmund Wilson, Babeuf saw the center of power during the French Revolution as being ______________.
(a) In the hands of people who appointed the leaders.
(b) In the hands of people who counted the votes.
(c) In the hands of the people with armies.
(d) In the hands of the people who were unhappy.

Short Answer Questions

1. What was Michelet trying to develop when he discovered the Renaissance philosopher?

2. What did Michelet write after he had become the Conservator of the French Archives?

3. How did Fourier and Owen want to administer education in their ideal society?

4. Why was Michelet suspended from his teaching post?

5. What was Saint-Simon's theory of history?

(see the answer keys)

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