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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What did Taine study after 1871, when the Commune was established?
(a) Philosophy and language.
(b) Mysticism and spirituality.
(c) Science and religion.
(d) Politics and economics.

2. What does Edmund Wilson say Taine tried to represent in his history?
(a) The pattern on the loom of French nationalist literature.
(b) The underlying economic laws that regulated French life.
(c) The reality of the France in which he lived.
(d) The underlying spiritual development in French culture.

3. What did La Scienza Nuova do for Michelet?
(a) It gave him a new religious perspective on the origin of the universe.
(b) It gave him a new standard for validating experimental results.
(c) It allowed him to tie all branches of science together.
(d) It let him tell a new and different history of France.

4. Why did Saint-Simon not participate in the French Revolution?
(a) He was in prison.
(b) He was in exile.
(c) He was too young.
(d) He considered it destructive.

5. What did Michelet focus on in his histories?
(a) Traditions.
(b) Paradoxes.
(c) Customs.
(d) Laws.

6. What did Fourier and Owen believe about the relationship between groups and society?
(a) There should be small communes, then larger communities, then regional societies, then a loosely-affiliated confederacy. There should be absolute rule by an all-powerful monarch.
(b) There should be small, limited societies within the greater society.
(c) There should be absolute rule by an all-powerful monarch.
(d) There should be perfect freedom of mobility throughout a society, no matter how large.

7. What did Fourier and Owen believe about the role of government?
(a) It should be concerned with public morality.
(b) It should be founded in church doctrine.
(c) It should be based on its ability to maintain order.
(d) It should focus on industry.

8. What did La Scienza Nuova examine?
(a) The factors that allowed republican nations to turn into empires.
(b) The factors that determined which species would survive.
(c) The inevitable lifecycle of imperial cultures.
(d) The factors that led to the development of societies.

9. Where did Marx grow up?
(a) Dusseldorf.
(b) Munich.
(c) Trier.
(d) Berlin.

10. What was Michelet trying to develop when he discovered the Renaissance philosopher?
(a) A new science of history.
(b) A new basis for poetry.
(c) A theory of gravity.
(d) A theory of evolution.

11. What did Michelet describe about each social class?
(a) Its lack of connection with the earth.
(b) Its unique pressures and fears.
(c) Its interdependence with the other classes.
(d) Its unity with the other classes.

12. What did Jules Michelet teach?
(a) Philosophy and history.
(b) Astronomy.
(c) Religion.
(d) Biology and natural sciences.

13. How does Michelet define the relations between the classes?
(a) Based on the ability to seize power.
(b) Based on fear of the class below.
(c) Based on envy of the class above.
(d) Based on greed.

14. What organization did Michelet want to create?
(a) A European army to keep workers in line.
(b) An international monetary fund.
(c) A congress of industrial leaders.
(d) An armed peace league.

15. What French philosopher influenced both Fourier and Owen?
(a) de Sade.
(b) Rousseau.
(c) Diderot.
(d) Voltaire.

Short Answer Questions

1. According to Edmund Wilson, Saint-Simon represented______________.

2. What did Fourier and Owen believed about wealth?

3. How were Marx' early writings received?

4. What was the subject of Renan's The Future of Science?

5. What does Edmund Wilson examine from the Middle Ages?

(see the answer keys)

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