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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Edmund Wilson relates that Babeuf worked at __________.
(a) Secularizing France.
(b) Attacking the church during the Revolution.
(c) Protecting the rich from the Revolution.
(d) Promoting the Revolution.

2. According to the author, Saint-Simon viewed society's goals as changing ______________.
(a) From communal power to individual power.
(b) From war for conquest to war for annihilation.
(c) From production and consumption to war and conquest.
(d) From community and church to production and consumption.

3. What was Saint-Simon's theory of history?
(a) A cycle of development and destruction.
(b) A punctuated equilibrium.
(c) A seething chaos run by the powerful.
(d) Waves of equilibrium and breakdown.

4. How were Fourier and Owen representative of early nineteenth century thinkers?
(a) They supported totalitarian leaders.
(b) They espoused liberal political views.
(c) They wanted a return to law and order.
(d) They did not subscribe to liberal politics.

5. On what point did Marx agree with Engels when he first read his work?
(a) German philosophy didn't provide social principles.
(b) History would culminate in a workers' state.
(c) One spirit undergirded all of history's development.
(d) Economics was crippled by being divorced from morality and religion.

Short Answer Questions

1. What did La Scienza Nuova do for Michelet?

2. According to Edmund Wilson, Babeuf saw the center of power during the French Revolution as being ______________.

3. What did Michelet describe about each social class?

4. What does Edmund Wilson say about the French artists' and intellectuals' engagement with politics after Louis Bonaparte became Emperor in 1851?

5. Where did Marx grow up?

Short Essay Questions

1. Describe Anatole France's career.

2. What work did Michelet do after he had read Vico, and how did Vico's influence come through in that work?

3. Describe Michelet's politics.

4. What was Vico's effect on Michelet?

5. Describe Marx's time as the editor of a Cologne newspaper.

6. What did Michelet write about, and what was the effect of his writing?

7. Describe Taine's career after the Commune was founded in 1871.

8. What was Michelet's approach to narrating history?

9. What does Edmund Wilson say about communes in America?

10. What did Jules Michelet discover in the work of Giavanni Vico?

(see the answer keys)

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