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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. When was Jules Michelet teaching?
(a) The 1880s.
(b) The 1920s.
(c) The 1850s.
(d) The 1820s.

2. What did La Scienza Nuova describe?
(a) A new standard for evidence and experimentation.
(b) A new approach to history.
(c) A new model for gravity and the evolution of the universe.
(d) A new approach to scientific inquiry.

3. When did Marx express the desire to help humanity?
(a) In the final exams for high school.
(b) In elementary school essays.
(c) In his political activism.
(d) In his graduate thesis.

4. How does Michelet define the relations between the classes?
(a) Based on the ability to seize power.
(b) Based on fear of the class below.
(c) Based on envy of the class above.
(d) Based on greed.

5. According to the the author, what did Babeuf want for the people?
(a) More productivity.
(b) A better life.
(c) More religion and morality.
(d) More self-sacrifice.

Short Answer Questions

1. What did Michelet write after he had become the Conservator of the French Archives?

2. When was Michelet suspended from his teaching post?

3. What did Michelet write about beginning in 1843?

4. What Renaissance thinker did Michelet discover?

5. What was the French Enlightenment doctrine that inspired both Fourier and Owen?

Short Essay Questions

1. In what way did Taine distinguish between history and science?

2. Describe Taine's career after the Commune was founded in 1871.

3. Explain Michelet's portrayal of society.

4. Describe Owen's background and career.

5. What does Edmund Wilson say about communes in America?

6. Describe Michelet's methods?

7. What happened to Michelet as a result of his writing?

8. How was Saint-Simon representative of the new breed of intellectual in the 19th-century?

9. What does Edmund Wilson describe as the result of the French Revolution?

10. How were Owen's communes organized?

(see the answer keys)

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