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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. How did Taine examine works of literature?
(a) As living experiences.
(b) As historical way posts.
(c) As specimens.
(d) As living spiritual events.

2. Where did Robert Owen work?
(a) In a shipping company in Glasgow.
(b) In a mining town in Nottingham.
(c) In a textile mill in Manchester.
(d) In a factory in London.

3. What did Taine study after 1871, when the Commune was established?
(a) Politics and economics.
(b) Mysticism and spirituality.
(c) Science and religion.
(d) Philosophy and language.

4. What did Jules Michelet teach?
(a) Philosophy and history.
(b) Biology and natural sciences.
(c) Astronomy.
(d) Religion.

5. To what does Edmund Wilson attribute the need for political action in the early/mid 1800s?
(a) Lack of reform by Friedrich Wilhelm IV.
(b) Droughts.
(c) Centralization of power in the hands of the aristocracy.
(d) Riots and strikes.

Short Answer Questions

1. Where did Owen put his idealistic notions into practice?

2. What does Edmund Wilson say Taine tried to represent in his history?

3. When was Jules Michelet teaching?

4. What did Michelet study in history?

5. On what point did Marx agree with Engels when he first read his work?

Short Essay Questions

1. How was Saint-Simon representative of the new breed of intellectual in the 19th-century?

2. What happened to Michelet as a result of his writing?

3. How were Owen's communes organized?

4. Why did Marx leave Germany?

5. Describe Owen's background and career.

6. What does Edmund Wilson say about communes in America?

7. What was Vico's effect on Michelet?

8. What does Edmund Wilson describe as the result of the French Revolution?

9. What was Michelet's approach to narrating history?

10. What was Renan's view of society?

(see the answer keys)

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