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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the first question Hart identified?
(a) Who needs laws.
(b) Who wants laws.
(c) What makes law obligatory.
(d) Who create law.

2. What aren't laws themselves?
(a) Commands.
(b) Suggestions.
(c) Coerce.
(d) Optional.

3. Who denies there are true laws against murder?
(a) Kristiansen.
(b) Kelsen.
(c) Roberts.
(d) Kartosen.

4. What becomes guides for claims, demands and the like?
(a) The rules from an external point of view.
(b) The rules from an internal point of view.
(c) The Law from an external point of view.
(d) The Law from an internalpoint of view.

5. What is the concept of law according to Hart?
(a) Hard to analyze.
(b) Only understood by scholars.
(c) Easy to understand.
(d) Vague.

Short Answer Questions

1. What would allow all laws to be considered conditional orders to officials to apply sanctions?

2. How many categories do objections fall into?

3. What do Hart say of making sense of authority in term of sovereign people?

4. What do Hart distinguish between in Chapter 5?

5. What would we find if we were to examine many types of laws, according to Hart in chapter 3?

Short Essay Questions

1. What have some philosophers analyzed?

2. What are secondary rules?

3. What do laws require?

4. What do judges have powers to do?

5. Why is social pressure serious?

6. What did Hart want to advance?

7. What does the doctrine of sovereignty often hold?

8. What can the definition of law help provide?

9. What do laws sometimes apply to?

10. What happens to laws?

(see the answer keys)

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