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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. How does Hart name the ones that create the law in Chapter 4?
(a) Sovereigns.
(b) Politicians.
(c) Lawmakers.
(d) Judges.

2. What are laws supreme in?
(a) Their territory.
(b) Everyone.
(c) The world.
(d) Inferior lands.

3. What is the concept of law according to Hart?
(a) Vague.
(b) Easy to understand.
(c) Hard to analyze.
(d) Only understood by scholars.

4. What are habits?
(a) Laws that apply to everyone.
(b) Written rule without established judges.
(c) Rules of thumbs.
(d) Laws that apply to only a small group of people.

5. What is related to law according to Hart?
(a) Customs.
(b) Society.
(c) People.
(d) Morality.

6. What are laws according to Hart?
(a) Rules.
(b) Control measures.
(c) Preventative measure.
(d) Customs.

7. What are 'real' rules, according to Hart?
(a) Those society agree must apply to all.
(b) Those created by elected officials.
(c) Those society believe must be obeyed.
(d) Those descending from morale.

8. How do people obey?
(a) By doing thing for free.
(b) By doing things they would not otherwise do.
(c) By doing nothing they could be punished for.
(d) By accepting the law.

9. What does the doctrine of sovereignty often hold?
(a) The sovereign is above the law.
(b) Those who make the law must abide by it.
(c) Rich people are above the law.
(d) Everyone is entitled to a trial.

10. What are laws?
(a) Moral imperatives.
(b) Standing orders.
(c) Written customs.
(d) Optional rules.

11. What is the first question Hart identified?
(a) Who needs laws.
(b) Who wants laws.
(c) Who create law.
(d) What makes law obligatory.

12. What is the first difficult thing about law?
(a) Determine who make the law.
(b) Determine why laws are accepted.
(c) To determine whether something is law.
(d) Determine why laws are in place.

13. What are customary society's rules unable to do?
(a) Adapt to changes.
(b) Have strong rules.
(c) Have a legal continuity between rulers.
(d) Create laws.

14. What would we find if we were to examine many types of laws, according to Hart in chapter 3?
(a) Different laws based on morale.
(b) No difference in the spirit of the law.
(c) Objections to Austin's basic definition of law.
(d) Difference in the letter of the law.

15. Who make laws?
(a) Everyone.
(b) Congress.
(c) The ones generally obeyed.
(d) The king.

Short Answer Questions

1. What does the distinction make sense of, according to Hart?

2. Who makes the law created by past regimes binding, according to some philosophers?

3. What are rules sometime understood as?

4. Who is the habit of obedience understood to apply to?

5. What aren't obligations, according to Austin and others?

(see the answer keys)

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