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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. In Chapter 16, the author describes theoretical physicists, saying,"Theoretical physicists, like artists are guided in their work by aesthetic as well as" what concerns?

2. Kant first became interested in space travel after reading a review of what philosopher's book?

3. According to the author in Chapter 19, what has demonstrated that man cannot be a detached observer?

4. Where was René Descartes born?

5. What is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916?

Short Essay Questions

1. What influences led William Herschel in his studies of nebulae, according to the author in Chapter 8: "Deep Space"?

2. Who associated the red-shift of the galaxies with Einstein's relativity, according to the author in Chapter 12: "Sermons in Stones"?

3. How have advancements in the sciences improved mankind, according to the author in Chapter 19: "Mind and Matter"?

4. What led to the emergence of quantum physics according to the author in Chapter 15: "The Quantum and its Discontents"?

5. Who was the first physicist to conceptualize the vacuum genesis? How was his work perceived according to the author in Chapter 18: "The Origin of the Universe"?

6. What did Johann Lambert write of his discoveries, according to the author in Chapter 8: "Deep Space"?

7. What were the strengths of Darwin's "The Origin of the Species," according to the author in Chapter 14: "The Evolution of Atoms and Stars"?

8. Who developed a unified electroweak theory, according to the author in Chapter 16: "Rumors of Perfection"? Where was it tested?

9. What does the author assert man has always speculated about in Chapter 18: "The Origin of the Universe"?

10. Why did Darwin delay the publication of "The Origin of the Species" according to the author in Chapter 14: "The Evolution of Atoms and Stars"?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Discuss the impact of exploration on the Western world. How was trade affected by exploration? When did colonization begin? What did these explorers learn from the people and cultures they discovered? How were the sciences affected by the age of exploration?

Essay Topic 2

Describe and discuss the impact of the work of Marco Polo, Bartholomeu Diaz, Vasco da Gama and Prince Henry the Navigator. Where did Marco Polo travel and how did this impact Europe? How was geography intertwined with navigation?

Essay Topic 3

Describe and discuss the life and work of Nicolaus Copernicus. When and where was Copernicus born? Where did Copernicus study? What ancient astronomers influenced him? What advancements did Copernicus make to science? How did he impact history?

(see the answer keys)

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