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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. William Herschel became most famous for the discovery of which planet?
(a) Uranus.
(b) Mars.
(c) Pluto.
(d) Venus.

2. Who concluded that the process of the earth's creation was part of an infinite repeating cycle of development and destruction?
(a) Edwin Hubble.
(b) Fred Hoyle.
(c) Aristotle.
(d) George Gamow.

3. The first step in the exploration of intergalactic space was taken by what mathematician?
(a) John Harrison.
(b) Aristotle.
(c) Johann Lambert.
(d) Jean Richer.

4. A spectrum analysis of what nebula proved that it was not gaseous but contained stars?
(a) The Aristotilian nebula.
(b) The Halley nebula.
(c) The Kant nebula.
(d) The Andromeda nebula.

5. The photographs taken by who in England in the 1880s proved that most nebulae were spirals?
(a) Isaac Roberts.
(b) John Calvin.
(c) James Keeler.
(d) William Parsons.

6. What is the religious belief that humanity, life, the Earth, and the universe are the creation of a supernatural being, most often referring to the Abrahamic God?
(a) Triangulation.
(b) Heliocentricism.
(c) Creationism.
(d) Asceticism.

7. Where was William Herschel from?
(a) Germany.
(b) England.
(c) France.
(d) Spain.

8. In Chapter 16, the author describes theoretical physicists, saying,"Theoretical physicists, like artists are guided in their work by aesthetic as well as" what concerns?
(a) Irrational.
(b) Rational.
(c) Subjective.
(d) Objective.

9. Who was the first physicist to conceptualize the vacuum genesis?
(a) Joseph Fraunhofer.
(b) Edward Tryon.
(c) Mikolai Kopernik.
(d) James Keeler.

10. What was the name of Charles Darwin's grandfather who had written the book, "Zoonomia"?
(a) Erasmus Darwin.
(b) Edwin Darwin.
(c) Johann Darwin.
(d) James Darwin.

11. What are fuzzy patches of glowing material that can be observed throughout the universe?
(a) Particles.
(b) Nebulae.
(c) Leptons.
(d) Bosons.

12. According to the inflationary theory, the radius of the universe increased by how many times during less than the first second of time after which the quantum stability caused the expansion to slow?
(a) 2010.
(b) 1050.
(c) 1005.
(d) 2003.

13. The first known practical telescopes were invented in the Netherlands at the beginning of what century?
(a) 19th.
(b) 17th.
(c) 15th.
(d) 18th.

14. A combination of the telescope, the camera and what would ultimately reveal the composition of the stars?
(a) The micrometer.
(b) The spectroscope.
(c) The particle scope.
(d) The microscope.

15. What is the first premise of "On the Origin of Species"?
(a) Survival is based on nature versus nurture.
(b) Survival is based on the process of natural selection.
(c) Living creatures create more off-spring than nature can support.
(d) There are variations within species.

Short Answer Questions

1. Although the behavior of gravitation still holds in Einstein's theory of relativity, there is a breakdown when it comes to gravitational fields within what?

2. The first step in the exploration of intergalactic space was taken by what philosopher?

3. What Russian scientist theorized that the beginning of the universe may have started with a core so hot and dense that it created nuclear fusion and created the elements now known to man?

4. What is a member of a class of very luminous variable stars?

5. When was René Descartes born?

(see the answer keys)

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