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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In the world of quantum physics, fermions comprise matter and bosons convey what?
(a) Dark matter.
(b) Mass.
(c) Force.
(d) Radiology.

2. Lambert wrote in his "Cosmological Letters" that the sun was a star on the a disc-shaped system of stars known as what?
(a) Dark matter.
(b) The sun.
(c) Lepton.
(d) The Milky Way.

3. When was Charles Darwin born?
(a) 1853.
(b) 1798.
(c) 1902.
(d) 1809.

4. What refers to one of the extremely small constituents of matter, as an atom or nucleus?
(a) Micrometer.
(b) Parallax.
(c) Particle.
(d) Retrograde motion.

5. What is a branch of physics that studies the existence and interactions of particles that are the constituents of what is usually referred to as matter or radiation?
(a) Triangulation.
(b) Cartography.
(c) Heliocentricism.
(d) Particle physics.

6. What theorized that the spiral and elliptical nebulae were clouds of gas that were forming new stars?
(a) The Tychonic system.
(b) The "nebular hypothesis."
(c) Quantum mechanics.
(d) The "island universe."

7. What German mathematician provided evidence that every conservation law is based on symmetry?
(a) Emmy Noether.
(b) Albert Einstein.
(c) William Parsons.
(d) Jean Richer.

8. A spectrum analysis of what nebula proved that it was not gaseous but contained stars?
(a) The Andromeda nebula.
(b) The Aristotilian nebula.
(c) The Kant nebula.
(d) The Halley nebula.

9. Who was the first physicist to conceptualize the vacuum genesis?
(a) Joseph Fraunhofer.
(b) Mikolai Kopernik.
(c) James Keeler.
(d) Edward Tryon.

10. Who discovered the period-luminosity phenomena that enabled the distances of the Milky Way and objects in deep space to be measured?
(a) Harlow Shapley.
(b) Henrietta Leavitt.
(c) Robert Smith.
(d) Jean Richer.

11. The first step in the exploration of intergalactic space was taken by what mathematician?
(a) Johann Lambert.
(b) Jean Richer.
(c) Aristotle.
(d) John Harrison.

12. Charles Darwin based his hypothesis that the world was old and always changing on the works of whom?
(a) Edwin Hubble.
(b) Emanuel Kant.
(c) Jean Richer.
(d) Charles Lyell.

13. Who elevated spectroscopy to an exact science?
(a) Nicole Oresme.
(b) Mikolai Kopernik.
(c) William Parsons.
(d) Joseph Fraunhofer.

14. What is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916?
(a) Quantum mechanics.
(b) Asceticism.
(c) The Tychonic system.
(d) General relativity.

15. Scientists were able to confirm that the same elements found in the sun were also present where?
(a) In humans.
(b) In the earth.
(c) In other galaxies.
(d) In the stars.

Short Answer Questions

1. What established a linear time-line in history?

2. When was William Herschel born?

3. In what year did Charles Darwin theorize that the Dangerous Archipelago was once a series of volcanoes?

4. What is defined as a sacred narrative explaining how the world and humankind came to be in their present form?

5. William Herschel first became interested in nebulae when he read books by stargazers James Ferguson and whom?

(see the answer keys)

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