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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. A spectrum analysis of what nebula proved that it was not gaseous but contained stars?
(a) The Halley nebula.
(b) The Andromeda nebula.
(c) The Kant nebula.
(d) The Aristotilian nebula.

2. What is defined as a sacred narrative explaining how the world and humankind came to be in their present form?
(a) Myth.
(b) Heliocentricism.
(c) Asceticism.
(d) Alchemy.

3. According to the author in Chapter 19, what has shown that the same matter and elements exist everywhere?
(a) Quantum physics.
(b) Black holes.
(c) Darwinian evolution.
(d) Astrophysics.

4. When did Protestant clergyman John Wilkins speak of man's settling on the moon?
(a) 1638.
(b) 1895.
(c) 1598.
(d) 1795.

5. What refers to the change in frequency of a wave for an observer moving relative to the source of the wave?
(a) Halley effect.
(b) Doppler effect.
(c) Richer effect.
(d) Geiser effect.

6. The subject of a universe of galaxies emerged again when Johann Lambert was appointed where?
(a) The Berlin Academy of Sciences.
(b) The University of Paris.
(c) Oxford University.
(d) Harvard University.

7. Kant first became interested in space travel after reading a review of what philosopher's book?
(a) John Harrison's.
(b) Thomas Wright's.
(c) Aristotle's.
(d) Plato's.

8. What refers to one of the extremely small constituents of matter, as an atom or nucleus?
(a) Micrometer.
(b) Parallax.
(c) Retrograde motion.
(d) Particle.

9. Lambert wrote in his "Cosmological Letters" that the sun was a star on the a disc-shaped system of stars known as what?
(a) The sun.
(b) The Milky Way.
(c) Dark matter.
(d) Lepton.

10. In the latter part of the 20th century, man began to abandon what in favor of actual exploration?
(a) Rhetoric.
(b) Heliocentricism.
(c) Asceticism.
(d) Religion.

11. William Herschel became most famous for the discovery of which planet?
(a) Pluto.
(b) Venus.
(c) Uranus.
(d) Mars.

12. Where was René Descartes born?
(a) Greece.
(b) England.
(c) Germany.
(d) France.

13. When was René Descartes born?
(a) 1895.
(b) 1795.
(c) 1596.
(d) 1638.

14. William Herschel was the first astronomer to make "acute, systematic observations of the universe" beyond what?
(a) The solar system.
(b) Jupiter.
(c) The sun.
(d) The moon.

15. Although Darwin wrote his theory in a 230-page essay, he did not publish it for how long?
(a) 5 years.
(b) 50 years.
(c) 12 years.
(d) 15 years.

Short Answer Questions

1. A combination of the telescope, the camera and what would ultimately reveal the composition of the stars?

2. What is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916?

3. William Herschel first became interested in nebulae when he read books by stargazers James Ferguson and whom?

4. Which astronomer discovered that some nebulae had spiral structures?

5. In Chapter 9, the author discusses how there were two schools of thought about elliptical nebulae. One was the theory of what by Kant and Lambert?

(see the answer keys)

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