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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Newton's interest turned to the skies and he saw the need for a telescope that improved upon Galileo's what?

2. When was Christopher Wren born?

3. Who launched one of the most renowned transit expeditions was launched by the Royal Society in August 1768?

4. What foremost astronomer of the sixteenth century proved Aristotle wrong in 1577?

5. With advancements in clocks and the development of better maps, astronomers attempted to triangulate what planets?

Short Essay Questions

1. How does the author describe the work and theories of Claudius Ptolemy in Chapter 1: "The Dome of Heaven"?

2. How did Newton demolish Arisotle's dual universe according to the author in Chapter 6: "Newton's Reach"?

3. What interests did Isaac Newton have in addition to science, according to the author in Chapter 6: "Newton's Reach"?

4. What did Tycho witness in 1572 that influenced his ideas, according to the author in Chapter 4: "The Sun Worshipers"?

5. What sparked the reawakening of interest in the cosmos, according to the author in Chapter 3: "The Discovery of the Earth"?

6. What achievements did Eudoxus go on to accomplish after his studies? Who did he influence, according to the author in Chapter 1: "The Dome of Heaven"?

7. Why did global exploration expand interest in the cosmos, according to the author in Chapter 3: "The Discovery of the Earth"?

8. What discoveries did Galileo make in his studies of the cosmos, according to the author in Chapter 5: "The World in Retrograde"?

9. How had Greek science changed by Archimedes' death according to the author in Chapter 2: "Raising (and Lowering) the Roof"?

10. How does the author describe micrometry in Chapter 7: "A Plumb Line to the Sun"?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Describe and discuss the work of William Parsons, Isaac Roberts and James Keeler. Who developed the nebular hypothesis? How is it defined? What are the two theories about elliptical nebulae and who developed them?

Essay Topic 2

Describe and discuss the early models of the universe as discussed in Chapter 2: "Raising (and Lowering) the Roof." How did these systems differ from how the universe is modeled today? How did the concept of inertia change this view?

Essay Topic 3

Discuss the lives and theories of Eudoxus, Aristotle, and Claudius Ptolemy. How did they advance science? When did each of these individuals live and what relationships did they have with one another? What were their impacts on history?

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