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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. What refers to motion in the direction opposite to the movement of something else, and is the contrary of direct or prograde motion?

2. The Great Pyramid of Giza was aligned to what, according to the author in Chapter 1: "The Dome of Heaven"?

3. Where was Galileo Galilei from?

4. Copernicus studied the great astronomers, and particularly admired whom?

5. American Indians lost in the woods could find their way with the help of whom, according to the author in Chapter 3: "The Discovery of the Earth"?

Short Essay Questions

1. How does the author describe the work and theories of Claudius Ptolemy in Chapter 1: "The Dome of Heaven"?

2. What sparked the reawakening of interest in the cosmos, according to the author in Chapter 3: "The Discovery of the Earth"?

3. What was the major problem with astronomical units, as described by the author in Chapter 7: "A Plumb Line to the Sun"?

4. What explorations around the Cape of Good Hope does the author describe in Chapter 3: "The Discovery of the Earth"? When did these take place?

5. What did Galileo invent and develop as a result of debt in Chapter 5: "The World in Retrograde"?

6. What discoveries did Galileo make in his studies of the cosmos, according to the author in Chapter 5: "The World in Retrograde"?

7. Where did the pursuit of science evolve after the rise of Christianity, according to the author in Chapter 2: "Raising (and Lowering) the Roof"?

8. What did Tycho witness in 1572 that influenced his ideas, according to the author in Chapter 4: "The Sun Worshipers"?

9. What scholars and astronomers influenced the theories of Copernicus, according to the author in Chapter 4: "The Sun Worshipers"?

10. What interests did Isaac Newton have in addition to science, according to the author in Chapter 6: "Newton's Reach"?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Describe and discuss the early models of the universe as discussed in Chapter 2: "Raising (and Lowering) the Roof." How did these systems differ from how the universe is modeled today? How did the concept of inertia change this view?

Essay Topic 2

Describe and discuss the discovery of nebulae, Immanuel Kant, and Johann Lambert. What are the three classes of nebulae and when were they defined as such? Who were the primary influences to each of these individuals? How did these historical thinkers differ in their ideas? How were they similar?

Essay Topic 3

Discuss the lives and theories of Eudoxus, Aristotle, and Claudius Ptolemy. How did they advance science? When did each of these individuals live and what relationships did they have with one another? What were their impacts on history?

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