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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. As far back as Ptolemy, geography was employed as an aid in the study of what, according to the author in Chapter 3: "The Discovery of the Earth"?

2. Copernicus studied the great astronomers, and particularly admired whom?

3. Who launched one of the most renowned transit expeditions was launched by the Royal Society in August 1768?

4. When was Aristotle born?

5. The Age of Discovery was a period in history starting in the early 15th century and continuing into what century?

Short Essay Questions

1. How does the author describe early models of the universe in Chapter 2: "Raising (and Lowering) the Roof"?

2. What did Galileo invent and develop as a result of debt in Chapter 5: "The World in Retrograde"?

3. How are the early years of Copernicus described in Chapter 4: "The Sun Worshipers"? What and where did he study?

4. What discoveries did Galileo make in his studies of the cosmos, according to the author in Chapter 5: "The World in Retrograde"?

5. What achievements did Aristarchus accomplish in the sciences according to the author in Chapter 2: "Raising (and Lowering) the Roof"? What did Archimedes write?

6. What theory did Copernicus work tirelessly to prove, according to the author Chapter 4: "The Sun Worshipers"? When were his ideas published?

7. Where was the epicenter of sea exploration, according to the author in Chapter 3: "The Discovery of the Earth"? Who established an astronomical observatory and navigational institute at this time?

8. Where did the pursuit of science evolve after the rise of Christianity, according to the author in Chapter 2: "Raising (and Lowering) the Roof"?

9. How did Newton demolish Arisotle's dual universe according to the author in Chapter 6: "Newton's Reach"?

10. What did Galileo attempt do bring physics into the study of in Chapter 5: "The World in Retrograde"?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Describe and discuss the impact of the work of Marco Polo, Bartholomeu Diaz, Vasco da Gama and Prince Henry the Navigator. Where did Marco Polo travel and how did this impact Europe? How was geography intertwined with navigation?

Essay Topic 2

Describe and discuss the work of William Parsons, Isaac Roberts and James Keeler. Who developed the nebular hypothesis? How is it defined? What are the two theories about elliptical nebulae and who developed them?

Essay Topic 3

Define, analyze and discuss micrometry, triangulation, and Euclidean geometry. When were micrometry and triangulation developed? By whom? How were these methods used to determine distance? Who was Euclid and when did he live?

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