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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. What is an influential philosophical tradition whose early practitioners' claims to profound powers were known from antiquity?

2. What is the science of the measurement of time, or timekeeping?

3. Who sentenced Jesus Christ to death?

4. Where was Nicolaus Copernicus from?

5. What is the study and practice of making maps?

Short Essay Questions

1. How does the author describe early models of the universe in Chapter 2: "Raising (and Lowering) the Roof"?

2. How does the author describe the ancient civilizations' perception of space in Chapter 1: "The Dome of Heaven"?

3. What had remained a major problem for explorers at sea as described by the author in Chapter 7: "A Plumb Line to the Sun"?

4. When did Newton develop his theory of gravity, according to the author in Chapter 6: "Newton's Reach"? What was his first law?

5. How is the telescope Newton developed described in Chapter 6: "Newton's Reach"?

6. How does the author describe micrometry in Chapter 7: "A Plumb Line to the Sun"?

7. Where was the epicenter of sea exploration, according to the author in Chapter 3: "The Discovery of the Earth"? Who established an astronomical observatory and navigational institute at this time?

8. What explorations around the Cape of Good Hope does the author describe in Chapter 3: "The Discovery of the Earth"? When did these take place?

9. How did Newton demolish Arisotle's dual universe according to the author in Chapter 6: "Newton's Reach"?

10. How are the early years of Copernicus described in Chapter 4: "The Sun Worshipers"? What and where did he study?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Describe and discuss the impact of the work of Marco Polo, Bartholomeu Diaz, Vasco da Gama and Prince Henry the Navigator. Where did Marco Polo travel and how did this impact Europe? How was geography intertwined with navigation?

Essay Topic 2

Describe and discuss the early models of the universe as discussed in Chapter 2: "Raising (and Lowering) the Roof." How did these systems differ from how the universe is modeled today? How did the concept of inertia change this view?

Essay Topic 3

Describe and discuss the life and work of Nicolaus Copernicus. When and where was Copernicus born? Where did Copernicus study? What ancient astronomers influenced him? What advancements did Copernicus make to science? How did he impact history?

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