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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. The emergence of the cult of Jesus from the established church of Judaism was accompanied by passionate dispute, and many disciples of Jesus ____________.

2. Thomas Aquinas made a lasting contribution to Western Christianity by trying to synthesize ____________.

3. What had happened by 235 CE?

4. The early followers of Jesus prayed _____________.

5. The Jews tried to modify this theory ____________.

Short Essay Questions

1. What does Armstrong say about the Sufis and Abu Walid ibn Ahmad ibn Rushd?

2. What are the results of the Italian Renaissance and the beginning of the scientific discoveries?

3. What ideas were being developed by Jews in Europe at this time?

4. What discontent exists in the world of Judaism at this time?

5. Why did many European scholars flock to Spain during the twelfth century?

6. What does Armstrong say about scientific discoveries, old religious dogmas, and atheism?

7. What is the Jewish development similar to the "Great Awakening?"

8. What are the differences regarding mysticism in the Christian church?

9. Who questions the existence and relevance of God in the nineteenth century? How do these people question God's existence or relevance?

10. What did Galileo discover? What was the result of Galileo's discoveries?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Developments of the nineteenth century led to questioning of the existence and relevance of God.

Part 1) Name and describe the work of two people who questioned God's existence and relevance. How were people affected and/or influenced by this work?

Part 2) Did those who did not agree with these scientists and philosophers have a right to be upset? Why or why not? How did these beliefs affect Muslims as well? How did this compare to the reactions of Christians?

Part 3) How did those in the world of Judaism also react to their feelings of similar discontent? Why did they feel this way? Why did they react this way? How do these reactions compare to those of the Christians and Muslims?

Essay Topic 2

Muhammad came under the influence of Jews at Medina.

Part 1) How did they influence him? How did this influence Islam as well?

Part 2) Why do Muslims date their era to this migration to Medina? What does this say about the power of the Jews at this time?

Part 3) How has Islam continued to change until today? Compare Islam today to Islam when Muhammad was alive. What might he think of today's Islam? Why?

Essay Topic 3

Muhammad is Islam's prophet.

Part 1) How did he become a prophet? Did his early life foreshadow this sacred role? Is so, how? If not, why not?

Part 2) To what did Muhammad's epiphany lead? How did this change Islam? How does it influence Islam today?

Part 3) What is the connection between Islam, Judaism, and Christianity? Is this seen in today's society? Why or why not? What might Muhammad feel about this? Why?

(see the answer keys)

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