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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Who is Bernard?

2. In 312 CE, the emperor Constantine _____________.

3. What was a consequence of the doctrine of Incarnation?

4. Muhammad came under the influence of __________, some of whom were well disposed towards him.

5. According to Karen Armstrong's research, did this man claim to be God?

Short Essay Questions

1. Describe the life of Muhammad prior to his epiphany.

2. Describe mysticism in Judaism.

3. Describe the Faylasufs' notion of God.

4. What approach to religion does Armstrong advocate?

5. What does The Koran mean?

6. Why was the idea of a personal God developed by all three of the monotheistic religions? What are its dangers?

7. How did Western secularism and the rising dominance of industrialized European countries have an effect on the Muslim religion?

8. What is "religion of the heart and what did this lead to?

9. How was tolerance of other religions was not evident in Christian Spain?

10. What does Armstrong say about scientific discoveries, old religious dogmas, and atheism?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Christianity spread quickly.

Part 1) Why did it spread quickly? How did it spread quickly?

Part 2) What is the connection between this spreading of Christianity and Judaism?

Part 3) Why was Christianity accepted by the governing Romans? What does this later mean for both Christians and Romans?

Essay Topic 2

Developments of the nineteenth century led to questioning of the existence and relevance of God.

Part 1) Name and describe the work of two people who questioned God's existence and relevance. How were people affected and/or influenced by this work?

Part 2) Did those who did not agree with these scientists and philosophers have a right to be upset? Why or why not? How did these beliefs affect Muslims as well? How did this compare to the reactions of Christians?

Part 3) How did those in the world of Judaism also react to their feelings of similar discontent? Why did they feel this way? Why did they react this way? How do these reactions compare to those of the Christians and Muslims?

Essay Topic 3

A philosophy develops in Cappodocia, which forms the basis of the theology of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Part 1) What idea did this theology form? How does this philosophy compare to the philosophy decided upon at the synod at Nicaea?

Part 2) How did Jews and Muslims feel about this idea? Why?

Part 3) how important was St. Augustine to the evolution of this idea? How was St. Augustine changed through his conversion to Christianity? How did this influence his ideas regarding this idea first established at Cappadocia as well as other ideas and beliefs?

(see the answer keys)

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