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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. There was now an emergence of Muslim studies in the fields of ____________.
(a) Art, science, and technology.
(b) Astrology, alchemy, and art.
(c) Music, art, and literature.
(d) Astronomy, alchemy, medicine, and mathematics.

2. Once "God" is presumed to exist as a separate external entity, humans can _____________.
(a) Learn to be more loving and understanding.
(b) Externalize and worship their own prejudices and desires.
(c) Be like God.
(d) Forget about God.

3. Where did the newly founded religion of Christianity spread quickly?
(a) In the middle east.
(b) In Spain.
(c) In Europe.
(d) Places in the Eastern Mediterranean where the Jews of the diaspora had settled.

4. To rationalize the shock of his death by crucifixion, his followers subscribed to the belief that ________.
(a) He had risen from death to immortality and that he had been, indeed, the promised Messiah.
(b) He had died peacefully.
(c) He is seated at the right hand of the Father.
(d) He had not died.

5. Why are theories and philosophies not designed to convince unbelievers?
(a) All people were atheists.
(b) There were, at that point in time, no people called atheists.
(c) There were, at that point in time, no people called agnostics.
(d) All people were Christians.

Short Answer Questions

1. Who is Bernard?

2. Possibly under the influence of the collapsing Roman Empire and the consequent beginning of an epoch of chaos, what ideas did Augustine develop?

3. What was considered blasphemous by Jews and later by Muslims?

4. Prior to Augustine's conversion to Christianity, he had repulsed any idea of __________.

5. What had happened by 235 CE?

Short Essay Questions

1. What is "religion of the heart and what did this lead to?

2. Describe Muhammad's epiphany.

3. Who questions the existence and relevance of God in the nineteenth century? How do these people question God's existence or relevance?

4. How did Western secularism and the rising dominance of industrialized European countries have an effect on the Muslim religion?

5. Why did many European scholars flock to Spain during the twelfth century?

6. What led to a rift with the Quraysh? To what did this rift lead?

7. Describe Bernard, the abbot of the Cistercian Abby of Clarivaux in Burgundy.

8. What did Galileo discover? What was the result of Galileo's discoveries?

9. What happens to Sufism during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries?

10. Who were the Zionists?

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