1. At this synod, the modern Christian creed, called ________ was first promulgated.
(a) The Nice Creed.
(b) The Constantine Creed.
(c) The Nicaea Creed.
(d) The Nicene Creed.

2. Thomas Aquinas made a lasting contribution to Western Christianity by trying to synthesize ____________.
(a) Augustine and Muslim philosophy.
(b) Augustine and Greek philosophy.
(c) Muslim and Greek philosophy.
(d) Greek and Buddhist philosophy.

3. Whose preaching resulted in the belief that the newly emerging religion could and should be embraced by the Gentiles?
(a) St. Thomas Aquinas's.
(b) St. Paul's.
(c) St. Peter's.
(d) St. Simon's.

4. What city did this tribe rule?
(a) Jordan.
(b) Mecca.
(c) Galilea.
(d) Jerusalem.

5. After the first three years, Muhammad's message transformed into _______________.
(a) Al-Lah, the High God, is only for Muslims.
(b) Al-Lah, the High God, is the most powerful of all gods.
(c) Al-Lah, the High God, is the same God as the Jews.
(d) Al-Lah, the High God, precluded worship of the ancient cults.

Short Answer Questions

1. Despite the conservatism occasioned by the rise of _____________ and the suppression of independent reasoning in the Sunni madrasahs, scholars, such as Mulla Sadr (ca 1571-1640), taught a philosophy that fused metaphysics and spirituality.

2. Bernard's influence outshone that of ____________.

3. The development of conflicting philosophies of the nature and existence of God took place against the backdrop of ____________.

4. The Safavids rose up in Iran, and the Moghul Empire emerged ____________.

5. Some scholars suggest that the decline of Muslim science marked the beginning of ____________.

(see the answer key)

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