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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Traffic in the large American cities in the late 1800s was:

2. According to Bettmann in "Housing," why did people keep their windows closed even in the heat of summer?

3. What did overpopulation in the big cities mean for the tenants in the late 1800s?

4. How did the electric trolley car create even bigger traffic problems for cities?

5. In what decade was window screening introduced?

Short Essay Questions

1. What was the El Train, and what was it's purpose when it was introduced in 1868?

2. How did winter pose a health hazard on the frontier?

3. How did housing reveal the contrast between the rich and the poor in the late 1800s?

4. How did landlords take unfair advantage of their tenants in the late 19th century?

5. According to Bettman in "Air," how did the lack of a sanitation department contribute to the problem of filth and stench in the cities?

6. What was the most famous sewing-related sweatshop in New York?

7. According to Bettmann in "Work," where were the most dangerous places to work in the cities?

8. What made the popular brownstone a stuffy and hazardous place to live for it's occupants?

9. Which animals were a big contribution to air pollution in large cities like New York in the late 19th century?

10. What was the worst sweatshop industry for the health of the employees?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Discuss the factors that led to depression and other mental issues with homesteaders in the late 19th century.

Essay Topic 2

Discuss the medical training that doctors received in the post Civil War era. What is a "diploma-mill" school? Who profited from such institutions? Contrast those schools with the medical schools of today.

Essay Topic 3

Discuss the slums of New York in the late 1800s. In what neighborhood were they located? How many people lived there? What were some of the dangers and unhealthy features of the slums?

(see the answer keys)

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