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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. According to Bettmann in "Rural Life," what frontier necessity was often a cesspool of contamination?

2. According to Bettmann in "Rural Life," why would many young girls leave the country for the promise of the city?

3. What was the biggest safety threat in the vertical apartments in the late 1800s?

4. What kind of work did the young rural girls often find in the cities in the late 1800s?

5. Which industries were the most dangerous for workers after the Civil War?

Short Essay Questions

1. How does author Otto Bettman attempt to shatter the misconception of this era, and what is the result?

2. What was pollution misunderstood to be in the time after the Civil War?

3. What was the most famous sewing-related sweatshop in New York?

4. Was the fare for streetcars affordable to the working-class?

5. In the minds of some, what was the time between the Civil War and the early 1900s known as?

6. In the late 1800s, were strikes an effective way to handle grievances by workers?

7. How did the electric trolley car, which was built to improve the traffic situation, actually make the traffic problem worse?

8. Who constructed the first apartment building, and why was it created?

9. What made the popular brownstone a stuffy and hazardous place to live for it's occupants?

10. In the era after the Civil War, what was a major cause of the hideous traffic problems in the large American cities like New York?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Discuss the slums of New York in the late 1800s. In what neighborhood were they located? How many people lived there? What were some of the dangers and unhealthy features of the slums?

Essay Topic 2

Discuss the medical training that doctors received in the post Civil War era. What is a "diploma-mill" school? Who profited from such institutions? Contrast those schools with the medical schools of today.

Essay Topic 3

Describe the prisons in the late 1800s. What was their sole purpose? How were prisoners treated? Which prisoners were treated the worst? Compare that with the prisons of today.

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