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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Women on the frontier in the late 1800s also endured the hard work of what daily chore?

2. Besides the lung irritation, vomiting, and sickness, what other ailment was common to those exposed to air pollution in the late 1800s?

3. Why did farmers in the 1880s have to mortgage their land?

4. What percentage of a working man's income did streetcar fares account for?

5. In "Air," what was a common misconception about air pollution?

Short Essay Questions

1. How does author Otto Bettman attempt to shatter the misconception of this era, and what is the result?

2. Was the fare for streetcars affordable to the working-class?

3. What were some of the back-breaking laborious chores that frontier women had to endure?

4. In the late 1800s, were strikes an effective way to handle grievances by workers?

5. How did landlords take unfair advantage of their tenants in the late 19th century?

6. What were some of the toxic inhalants many industrial workers had to endure in the post Civil War era?

7. According to Bettmann in "Work," where were the most dangerous places to work in the cities?

8. According to the chapter "Air," what were some of the problems with using a streetcar for transportation?

9. What was New York's shantytown, and who lived there in the late 19th century?

10. What made the popular brownstone a stuffy and hazardous place to live for it's occupants?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Is education a right or a privilege? Or both? Provide examples to support your position.

Essay Topic 2

Large cities (like New York) were inundated with trash in the late 1800s. Why was there so much trash in public places? What weather factors exacerbated the problem of the rotting trash and putrid stench? Particularly, how were the poor affected by these circumstances?

Essay Topic 3

Discuss the addition of the railways to the American cities in the late 1800s. How did the railways hurt or help the traffic problems? Do you think the problems caused by the railroads were outweighed by the benefits? Cite examples from the book to support your position.

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