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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Who were the frontier drunkards in the late 19th century?
(a) The homeless.
(b) Many who were left alone on the frontier.
(c) Saloon owners.
(d) Whole families, including children.

2. According to Bettmann in "Food and Drink," the frontier diet was dominated by what single food?
(a) Beef.
(b) Wheat.
(c) Corn.
(d) Pork.

3. What phrase describes medical colleges of the late 19th century?
(a) Under-staffed.
(b) Under-educated.
(c) Ivy-League schools.
(d) Diploma-mills.

4. Who ran the hospitals of the late 1800s?
(a) Religious institutions.
(b) Universities.
(c) The city.
(d) The medical schools.

5. According to Bettmann, what was the homemade frontier liquor made from?
(a) Beets.
(b) Apples.
(c) Grapes.
(d) Corn.

Short Answer Questions

1. What was one effective way to fight disease carried by ships into New York Harbor?

2. How were medical advances defined during the Victorian period?

3. According to Bettmann in "Crime," how did juvenile delinquency affect the large cities?

4. How were the prostitution laws enforced in New York City in the late 19th century?

5. What percentage of surgeries in the late 19th century ended in death?

Short Essay Questions

1. How were criminals treated in the prisons in the late 1800s?

2. Why didn't people turn to vegetables given the state of the meat industry?

3. In the late 1800s, what was the most effective way to fight diseases coming to America by ship?

4. What were the ventilation problems associated with train travel in the late 19th century?

5. How did city politicians add to the crime problem?

6. What type of education did blacks receive during the post Civil War era?

7. How was drug addiction so rampant in the average population in the late 1800s?

8. According to Bettmann in "Travel," how were the below-deck boilers a danger to ferry travelers?

9. How was milk treated for consumers when it has been contaminated or spoiled?

10. How did alcohol affect families on the frontier?

(see the answer keys)

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