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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Traffic in the large American cities in the late 1800s was:
(a) Light.
(b) Not too bad if you had a map.
(c) Horrendous.
(d) Easy.

2. Why did farmers in the 1880s have to mortgage their land?
(a) No crops.
(b) Drought.
(c) Debt.
(d) Pestilence.

3. In the late 19th century, at what age were most workers forced to stop working due to health problems?
(a) Fifty.
(b) Forty.
(c) Fifty-five.
(d) Forty-five.

4. What was a major contributor to the contamination and disease in the wells in the late 19th century?
(a) Misunderstanding of germs.
(b) Food left out.
(c) Drainage from the outhouse.
(d) Typhoid epidemic.

5. According to "Rural Life," where were children most likely to be on the prairie?
(a) Playing games on the farm.
(b) Boarding school.
(c) At school.
(d) Physically working to help their parents.

6. What was a common difficulty for frontiersmen after the Civil War?
(a) Financial hardship.
(b) The ground often did not yield a crop.
(c) The threat of Indians.
(d) Animals kept dying.

7. What danger did many industrial laborers face in the latter part of the 19th century?
(a) Fire hazards.
(b) Lack of medical benefits.
(c) Toxic inhalants.
(d) Unsafe working equipment.

8. According to Bettmann in "Air," one observer called the worst New York industrial area a:
(a) "Heart of the New Economy."
(b) "Industrial wasteland."
(c) "Nasal Disaster."
(d) "Smog City."

9. Which industry featured the most brutal conditions for time and wages in the late 1800s?
(a) Steel.
(b) Textile.
(c) Auto.
(d) Railroad.

10. Why were some animals a pollutant problem as noted in the chapter "Air"?
(a) The made noise pollution within city limits.
(b) Their manure made an awful stench.
(c) They had way too much carbon monoxide emissions.
(d) They got in the way of street cleaners.

11. How did most landlords treat their tenants in the late 1800s?
(a) With unfair cruelty.
(b) With a hands-off policy.
(c) Landlords kept their places nice for good tenants.
(d) With reasonable rents.

12. What was the name of the first vertical apartments?
(a) Stuyvesant Apartments.
(b) The New Yorker.
(c) Park Place.
(d) Lakeside Apartments.

13. After the Civil War, how did the railroad monopoly hurt the rural farmers?
(a) It charged exorbitant prices to haul crops.
(b) There were not enough railways to reach most of the farmers.
(c) The smoke from the smokestacks ruined the crops.
(d) It refused to haul crops.

14. In New York after the Civil War, in what area was the greatest contrast between rich and poor seen?
(a) Job security.
(b) Family size.
(c) Clothing.
(d) Housing.

15. How did parents react to child labor in the late 1800s?
(a) They encouraged it.
(b) They fought against it.
(c) They sued the industries that practiced it.
(d) They hid their children with distant relatives.

Short Answer Questions

1. In "Housing," what did Bettmann cite as an additional cause of dangerous air quality in homes?

2. How many labor laws were there during the 19th century?

3. According to the chapter "Work," what was a typical work week in the late 1800s?

4. What problem did profit motives lead to for street car riders in the late 1800s?

5. What was the main cause of lung irritation, vomiting and sickness for people in the large cities in the early 19th century?

(see the answer keys)

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