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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Wind as well as the heat of summer exacerbated what problem in the large cities after the Civil War?
(a) The health problems of the animals.
(b) Overcrowding.
(c) The dark smoke emitting from the factories.
(d) The constant putrid stench.

2. How did parents react to child labor in the late 1800s?
(a) They encouraged it.
(b) They sued the industries that practiced it.
(c) They hid their children with distant relatives.
(d) They fought against it.

3. According to the chapter "Work," why were children sought after as employees?
(a) They worked faster.
(b) They took up less space.
(c) They ate less.
(d) They were more obedient and cheaper than adults.

4. What problems did the railroads add to any town in the late 1800s?
(a) Prestige.
(b) Excitement.
(c) Pollution and noise.
(d) Crime.

5. In the late 19th century, at what age were most workers forced to stop working due to health problems?
(a) Forty.
(b) Fifty-five.
(c) Fifty.
(d) Forty-five.

6. Women on the frontier in the late 1800s also endured the hard work of what daily chore?
(a) Laundry.
(b) Chicken care.
(c) Sewing.
(d) Cooking.

7. What was a common difficulty for frontiersmen after the Civil War?
(a) The ground often did not yield a crop.
(b) Animals kept dying.
(c) Financial hardship.
(d) The threat of Indians.

8. In "Air," what was a common misconception about air pollution?
(a) That it attracted business.
(b) That it cured ailments.
(c) That it created envy in nations overseas.
(d) That it helped horticulture.

9. Traffic in the large American cities in the late 1800s was:
(a) Horrendous.
(b) Not too bad if you had a map.
(c) Light.
(d) Easy.

10. In what year was the electric trolley car introduced?
(a) 1897.
(b) 1868.
(c) 1887.
(d) 1888.

11. Why were some animals a pollutant problem as noted in the chapter "Air"?
(a) They had way too much carbon monoxide emissions.
(b) The made noise pollution within city limits.
(c) Their manure made an awful stench.
(d) They got in the way of street cleaners.

12. In the late 19th century on the frontier, what was a child's formal education considered to be?
(a) Not needed after the age of eight.
(b) Secondary to the needs of the family farm.
(c) Totally unnecessary.
(d) Of the highest priority.

13. According to Bettmann in "Housing," how did apartments turn into vertical versions of tenements?
(a) Cruel landlords.
(b) Noxious air indoors.
(c) Shoddy construction practices.
(d) Animals indoors were commonplace.

14. According to Bettmann in "Rural Life," why would many young girls leave the country for the promise of the city?
(a) They would be sent to earn a wage to help the family.
(b) They watched their mothers grow prematurely old with toil.
(c) Their families could no longer afford to feed them.
(d) They thought they could find husbands easier in the city.

15. Besides the lung irritation, vomiting, and sickness, what other ailment was common to those exposed to air pollution in the late 1800s?
(a) Migranes.
(b) Severe cough.
(c) Ulcers.
(d) Depression.

Short Answer Questions

1. What was the biggest safety threat in the vertical apartments in the late 1800s?

2. According to Bettmann in "Work," in cases of a worker's death the courts ruled with the employers, calling the death:

3. Just like their male counterparts, frontier women after the Civil War endured:

4. The weather was often an obstacle for what mode of transportation in the large cities after the Civil War?

5. What did overpopulation in the big cities mean for the tenants in the late 1800s?

(see the answer keys)

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