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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What was the main cause of lung irritation, vomiting and sickness for people in the large cities in the early 19th century?
(a) Smoking tobacco.
(b) Food poisoning.
(c) Cancer.
(d) Industrial vapors.

2. According to Bettmann in "Work," in cases of a worker's death the courts ruled with the employers, calling the death:
(a) Unpreventable.
(b) An acceptable loss.
(c) Bad luck.
(d) The worker's fault.

3. According to Bettmann, what percentage of New Yorkers lived in the slums between 1868 and 1875?
(a) Thirty percent.
(b) Fifty percent.
(c) Ten Percent.
(d) Twenty-five percent.

4. What was a popular type of big city housing during the late 1800s?
(a) The suburbs.
(b) The brownstone.
(c) High-rise apartments.
(d) Shanties.

5. What does Bettmann say street car riders in the late 1800s were encouraged to bring along on their ride?
(a) An umbrella.
(b) Sufficient change.
(c) A weapon.
(d) A drink.

6. Which industries were the most dangerous for workers after the Civil War?
(a) Construction and steel.
(b) Steel and textile.
(c) Textile and railroad.
(d) Railroad and steel.

7. After the Civil War, how did the railroad monopoly hurt the rural farmers?
(a) It charged exorbitant prices to haul crops.
(b) There were not enough railways to reach most of the farmers.
(c) It refused to haul crops.
(d) The smoke from the smokestacks ruined the crops.

8. How were on-the-job accidents dealt with in the late 1800s?
(a) They were ignored.
(b) Workers were treated on site.
(c) With a letter of apology.
(d) With pay compensation.

9. Author Otto Bettman wished to shatter the misconceptions of the late 19th century by:
(a) Reporting how glorious life in the late nineteenth century really was.
(b) Describing the westward movement.
(c) Reporting how the nineteenth century immigrants flourished in the New World.
(d) Demonstrating what life was really like for average people.

10. What kind of work did the young rural girls often find in the cities in the late 1800s?
(a) No work was to be found.
(b) Selling door to door.
(c) In the sweatshops.
(d) Servant help.

11. Where were the first apartments constructed?
(a) New York City.
(b) Philadelphia.
(c) Los Angeles.
(d) Chicago.

12. Before cars, what was the main source of transportation in the late 1800s?
(a) Walking.
(b) Bicycles.
(c) Subways.
(d) Horses.

13. The weather was often an obstacle for what mode of transportation in the large cities after the Civil War?
(a) Rickshaws.
(b) City Buses.
(c) Street cars.
(d) Taxis.

14. According to Bettman in "Traffic," in what city was a record 330 crossing-grade deaths in one year?
(a) Philadelphia.
(b) Chicago.
(c) Boston.
(d) New York.

15. What percentage of farmers in the 1880s had to mortgage their land?
(a) 30%.
(b) 50%.
(c) 10%.
(d) 75%.

Short Answer Questions

1. According to Bettmann in "Housing," why did people keep their windows closed even in the heat of summer?

2. What was the original purpose of the El Train?

3. After the Civil War, how did the isolation of the endless prairie affect many homesteaders?

4. According to the chapter "Work," why were children sought after as employees?

5. Why were some animals a pollutant problem as noted in the chapter "Air"?

(see the answer keys)

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