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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The air quality in homes was dangerous in the late 1800s because of:
(a) Sewer gas from primitive drainage systems.
(b) Animals that were kept indoors.
(c) The smog would get trapped inside.
(d) High temperatures from the heat outside.

2. Author Otto Bettman wished to shatter the misconceptions of the late 19th century by:
(a) Demonstrating what life was really like for average people.
(b) Reporting how the nineteenth century immigrants flourished in the New World.
(c) Describing the westward movement.
(d) Reporting how glorious life in the late nineteenth century really was.

3. Which industries were the most dangerous for workers after the Civil War?
(a) Railroad and steel.
(b) Construction and steel.
(c) Steel and textile.
(d) Textile and railroad.

4. What percentage of a working man's income did streetcar fares account for?
(a) Five percent.
(b) Ten percent.
(c) Twenty percent.
(d) Two percent.

5. In the late 1800s, who was it that posed a threat to those on the frontier and instilled a sense of fear?
(a) Runaways.
(b) Cattle thieves.
(c) Train robbers.
(d) Tramps and various vagrants.

Short Answer Questions

1. What area in New York City had an abundance of industrial factories in the early 19th century ?

2. According to Bettmann in "Air," one observer called the worst New York industrial area a:

3. According to Bettmann in "Housing," where did poorer residents end up who could not afford tenements?

4. According to the chapter "Work," why were children sought after as employees?

5. Why did tenants in the late 1800s have such big problems when it came to housing in the big cities?

Short Essay Questions

1. What was the most famous sewing-related sweatshop in New York?

2. What two things negatively effected the mental health of homesteaders?

3. How did many farmers on the frontier become financially in debt?

4. How did railroads contribute to the pollution and danger for many cities?

5. How did the apartments of the late 1800s often turn into death traps for its occupants?

6. Was the fare for streetcars affordable to the working-class?

7. In the minds of some, what was the time between the Civil War and the early 1900s known as?

8. Why was child labor so common in the late 1800s?

9. What were some of the toxic inhalants many industrial workers had to endure in the post Civil War era?

10. What was pollution misunderstood to be in the time after the Civil War?

(see the answer keys)

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