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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. According to Bettmann in "Rural Life," what frontier necessity was often a cesspool of contamination?
(a) The local well.
(b) The outhouse.
(c) Nearby streams.
(d) The barn.

2. According to Bettmann in "Housing," how did apartments turn into vertical versions of tenements?
(a) Animals indoors were commonplace.
(b) Noxious air indoors.
(c) Shoddy construction practices.
(d) Cruel landlords.

3. How were on-the-job accidents dealt with in the late 1800s?
(a) Workers were treated on site.
(b) With pay compensation.
(c) They were ignored.
(d) With a letter of apology.

4. Where were the first apartments constructed?
(a) New York City.
(b) Philadelphia.
(c) Los Angeles.
(d) Chicago.

5. According to the chapter "Work," why were children sought after as employees?
(a) They ate less.
(b) They worked faster.
(c) They took up less space.
(d) They were more obedient and cheaper than adults.

Short Answer Questions

1. How did Stewart keep as many employees working at one time as possible?

2. According to Bettmann in "Rural Life," why would many young girls leave the country for the promise of the city?

3. What kind of work did the young rural girls often find in the cities in the late 1800s?

4. How did the electric trolley car create even bigger traffic problems for cities?

5. Wind as well as the heat of summer exacerbated what problem in the large cities after the Civil War?

Short Essay Questions

1. According to Bettman in "Air," how did the lack of a sanitation department contribute to the problem of filth and stench in the cities?

2. What caused the local wells on the frontier to become contaminated?

3. How did landlords take unfair advantage of their tenants in the late 19th century?

4. How did housing reveal the contrast between the rich and the poor in the late 1800s?

5. What was the worst sweatshop industry for the health of the employees?

6. According to Bettmann in "Work," where were the most dangerous places to work in the cities?

7. How did winter pose a health hazard on the frontier?

8. How did many farmers on the frontier become financially in debt?

9. How did railroads contribute to the pollution and danger for many cities?

10. How did the apartments of the late 1800s often turn into death traps for its occupants?

(see the answer keys)

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