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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What danger did many industrial laborers face in the latter part of the 19th century?
(a) Unsafe working equipment.
(b) Fire hazards.
(c) Toxic inhalants.
(d) Lack of medical benefits.

2. According to Bettmann in "Work," in cases of a worker's death the courts ruled with the employers, calling the death:
(a) Unpreventable.
(b) An acceptable loss.
(c) The worker's fault.
(d) Bad luck.

3. What was the main cause of lung irritation, vomiting and sickness for people in the large cities in the early 19th century?
(a) Food poisoning.
(b) Smoking tobacco.
(c) Industrial vapors.
(d) Cancer.

4. The air quality in homes was dangerous in the late 1800s because of:
(a) The smog would get trapped inside.
(b) Sewer gas from primitive drainage systems.
(c) High temperatures from the heat outside.
(d) Animals that were kept indoors.

5. How did Stewart keep as many employees working at one time as possible?
(a) He kept his machines in great working order.
(b) He hired men to stand over them.
(c) He hired more than he needed.
(d) With inadequate bathroom facilities.

Short Answer Questions

1. Who was A.T. Stewart?

2. How did the electric trolley car create even bigger traffic problems for cities?

3. Why did tenants in the late 1800s have such big problems when it came to housing in the big cities?

4. In large cities in the late 1800s, what animals created massive amounts of pollution problems?

5. Before cars, what was the main source of transportation in the late 1800s?

Short Essay Questions

1. What caused the local wells on the frontier to become contaminated?

2. What was the area in New York that was the worst air pollution offender in the late 19th century?

3. What was the worst sweatshop industry for the health of the employees?

4. According to Bettmann in "Work," where were the most dangerous places to work in the cities?

5. What two things negatively effected the mental health of homesteaders?

6. What made the popular brownstone a stuffy and hazardous place to live for it's occupants?

7. What were some of the back-breaking laborious chores that frontier women had to endure?

8. Which animals were a big contribution to air pollution in large cities like New York in the late 19th century?

9. According to Bettman in "Air," how did the lack of a sanitation department contribute to the problem of filth and stench in the cities?

10. How did many farmers on the frontier become financially in debt?

(see the answer keys)

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