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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. How did parents react to child labor in the late 1800s?
(a) They hid their children with distant relatives.
(b) They fought against it.
(c) They sued the industries that practiced it.
(d) They encouraged it.

2. How did most landlords treat their tenants in the late 1800s?
(a) With unfair cruelty.
(b) Landlords kept their places nice for good tenants.
(c) With reasonable rents.
(d) With a hands-off policy.

3. In what year was the El Train introduced?
(a) 1902.
(b) 1868.
(c) 1870.
(d) 1898.

4. According to Bettmann in "Air," many people were cramped together in windowless rooms in the tenements during the summer, causing:
(a) Heat stroke and dehydration.
(b) Landlords to lower rents.
(c) Many people to flee the cities.
(d) An increase in determination to succeed in the working class.

5. What major problem did window screening help with in the late 1800s?
(a) Privacy.
(b) Light control.
(c) Drafts.
(d) Insects.

Short Answer Questions

1. The air quality in homes was dangerous in the late 1800s because of:

2. What was the original purpose of the El Train?

3. According to Bettmann in "Air," one observer called the worst New York industrial area a:

4. What did Richard M. Hunt develop to help with overcrowding and the housing shortage?

5. According to Bettmann in "Rural Life," why would many young girls leave the country for the promise of the city?

Short Essay Questions

1. According to Bettman in "Air," how did the lack of a sanitation department contribute to the problem of filth and stench in the cities?

2. What were some of the back-breaking laborious chores that frontier women had to endure?

3. What made the popular brownstone a stuffy and hazardous place to live for it's occupants?

4. How did landlords take unfair advantage of their tenants in the late 19th century?

5. What was New York's shantytown, and who lived there in the late 19th century?

6. Who constructed the first apartment building, and why was it created?

7. What caused the local wells on the frontier to become contaminated?

8. In the era after the Civil War, what was a major cause of the hideous traffic problems in the large American cities like New York?

9. How did railroads contribute to the pollution and danger for many cities?

10. What was the El Train, and what was it's purpose when it was introduced in 1868?

(see the answer keys)

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