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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What does Bettmann say street car riders in the late 1800s were encouraged to bring along on their ride?
(a) A weapon.
(b) Sufficient change.
(c) A drink.
(d) An umbrella.

2. In the late 1800s, who was it that posed a threat to those on the frontier and instilled a sense of fear?
(a) Cattle thieves.
(b) Train robbers.
(c) Tramps and various vagrants.
(d) Runaways.

3. What did overpopulation in the big cities mean for the tenants in the late 1800s?
(a) Only very small accomodations were available.
(b) Families often had to split up.
(c) A housing shortage.
(d) A lack of food.

4. According to the chapter "Work," why were children sought after as employees?
(a) They were more obedient and cheaper than adults.
(b) They took up less space.
(c) They ate less.
(d) They worked faster.

5. What major problem did window screening help with in the late 1800s?
(a) Insects.
(b) Drafts.
(c) Privacy.
(d) Light control.

Short Answer Questions

1. After the Civil War, how did the railroad monopoly hurt the rural farmers?

2. In "Air," what was a common misconception about air pollution?

3. What was the name of the first vertical apartments?

4. How did most landlords treat their tenants in the late 1800s?

5. Why, does Bettmann explain, were pigs tolerated in the cities?

Short Essay Questions

1. Which animals were a big contribution to air pollution in large cities like New York in the late 19th century?

2. What made the popular brownstone a stuffy and hazardous place to live for it's occupants?

3. In the era after the Civil War, what was a major cause of the hideous traffic problems in the large American cities like New York?

4. In the minds of some, what was the time between the Civil War and the early 1900s known as?

5. What was the area in New York that was the worst air pollution offender in the late 19th century?

6. What caused the local wells on the frontier to become contaminated?

7. How does author Otto Bettman attempt to shatter the misconception of this era, and what is the result?

8. What two things negatively effected the mental health of homesteaders?

9. What was the worst sweatshop industry for the health of the employees?

10. According to Bettman in "Air," how did the lack of a sanitation department contribute to the problem of filth and stench in the cities?

(see the answer keys)

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