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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. How was Beethoven's Eroica connected to the politics of Beethoven's time, in Hobsbawm's account?

2. What is the paradox in France's failure to develop its industries?

3. What distinguished the new class of workers that emerged in the Age of Revolution?

4. Where was Chartism an active part of the political landscape?

5. In Hobsbawm's account, what happened in France as industrialism expanded in neighboring countries?

Short Essay Questions

1. What does Hobsbawm say was increasing around 1848?

2. What does Hobsbawm say labor organizers were promising workers, as the gap between rich and poor grew?

3. What does Hobsbawm say was growing along with and as a result of Protestantism?

4. Why was France's economy left behind, in Hobsbawm's account?

5. How did the working poor act out politically, when they did act out, in Hobsbawm's account?

6. Why, in Hobsbawm's account, was Britain the only industrialized nation in 1848?

7. How does Hobsbawm describe the working class' living conditions?

8. How does Hobsbawm describe the class tensions surrounding the new middle class?

9. How does Hobsbawm describe France's effect on land reform?

10. What role did religion serve, even as Europe was becoming more secular?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Was the secularization of European culture a benefit or a disadvantage of industrialization? Was it simply a transition, as people found their religion in other places? What functions had religion served that were now served by other, secular developments?

Essay Topic 2

Hobsbawm describes the importance of nationalism in the development of a middle class that had developed its own characteristic ideology, which was marked by a faith in a universe that progressed either toward spiritual fulfillment (Hegel) or communism (Marx). Both of these conclusions were for the mass, though, and it would not be until Freud that people could see the difficulties of being individuals within a mass or nation.

Write an essay that addresses the importance of nationalism in your life. In what ways are you a national creature? Does your nationalism interfere with or obscure your individuality?

Essay Topic 3

Not everyone was thrilled by the development of a new middle class, a new middle class ideology, and a Romantic or liberal perspective on history, culture, and the arts. Describe the opposition to progress, Romanticism, liberalism, and Communism. Who were the groups, classes or individuals who resisted the revolutions that changed the world in the 19th century?

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