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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. What did working-class organizers promise the workers, as the gap between rich and poor grew wider?

2. What stage was the political theory in when the organizers were making promises to the workers in the mid-1800s?

3. What began to develop as industrialism developed in Europe?

4. What fell away as industrialism developed in Europe?

5. What did France produce as other countries' economies changed?

Short Essay Questions

1. How does Hobsbawm say France in particular created opportunities for a new middle class?

2. What are the three sources Hobsbawm refers to when he says that artists made the effects of industrialization a common theme?

3. How does Hobsbawm define middle class ideology?

4. How does Hobsbawm describe France's effect on land reform?

5. How does Hobsbawm describe the working class' living conditions?

6. Which religions were expanding as the Catholic Church's importance was declining?

7. What does Hobsbawm say was increasing around 1848?

8. What does Hobsbawm say was the third kind of secular thought that developed during the middle of the nineteenth century?

9. Who does Hobsbawm say was most receptive to Romanticism, and why?

10. What does Hobsbawm say was growing along with and as a result of Protestantism?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Was the secularization of European culture a benefit or a disadvantage of industrialization? Or, was it simply a transition, as people found their religion in other places? What functions had religion served that were now served by other, secular developments?

Essay Topic 2

How had the past changed as a result of the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution? How did the sciences, technologies and philosophies that were developed during the Age of Revolution change how people looked at their own origins and the origin of the human race?

Essay Topic 3

70How does the Age of Revolution look if you discard the superlatives and try to see merely the new, small, day-to-day changes that made life markedly different from one year to the next over a period of 50 to 70 years? Write an extended journal entry or a series of short essays to describe what it must have been like for nineteenth-century Europeans to experience such a long period of consistent change.

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