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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Where does Hobsbawm say the first wave of revolutions took place after the French Revolution?
(a) In the Mediterranean.
(b) In Eastern Europe.
(c) In Asia.
(d) In the Americas.

2. Who does Hobsbawm say rose to prominence financing the wars?
(a) Swiss.
(b) The Jews.
(c) The Rockefellers.
(d) The Barings and Rothschilds.

3. What area was affected by what Hobsbawm calls the third wave of revolutions?
(a) All of Europe.
(b) The Mediterranean.
(c) Western Europe.
(d) Eastern Europe.

4. What did the French Revolution demonstrate to the rest of Europe?
(a) That people could rise up to fight for their freedom.
(b) That Europe was not ready for democracy yet.
(c) That tyrants could use popular uprisings for their own purposes.
(d) That power will always reside in the aristocracy's hands.

5. In what fields were cultural developments being made fastest in the late 1700s, according to Hobsbawm?
(a) Arts and music.
(b) Religion and philosophy.
(c) Morality and ethics.
(d) Science and commerce.

6. What was Robespierre's role in the Reign of Terror?
(a) He was persecuted by it.
(b) He conceived the idea for it.
(c) He incited the people to carry it out.
(d) He oversaw it.

7. What, in Hobsbawm's view, was the economic result of the French Revolution?
(a) It concentrated the refugee populations in cities, where they became workers.
(b) It devastated the continent with non-stop fighting.
(c) It ruined the means of production and created the possibility of socialism.
(d) It created room for new industries.

8. What was production freed from in the 1780s?
(a) The limitations imposed by limited raw materials.
(b) The limitations imposed by years of war.
(c) The limitations of earlier production techniques.
(d) The limitations imposed by population size.

9. Why didn't disagreements between nations reach the level of international war?
(a) Because the nations were bound by alliances.
(b) Because the treaties signed after the French Revolution forbade it.
(c) Because there was a relative balance of powers.
(d) Because the populaces had all been decimated.

10. What did the French Revolution create in Spain?
(a) Resistance to democracy.
(b) Freedom movements in the Catalan region.
(c) Resistance to monarchy.
(d) New forms of government.

11. What quality distinguished the revolutions that took place in 1848 from earlier revolutions, according to Hobsbawm?
(a) They were unsuccessful.
(b) They were planned.
(c) They were non-violent.
(d) They were spontaneous.

12. What did the French monarch make a practice of in the 1780s?
(a) Placing competent men in bureaucratic positions.
(b) Selling government positions to noblemen.
(c) Persecuting heretics and dissenters.
(d) Ostracizing radicals and innovators.

13. What pressure drove the mechanization of production in the late 1700s?
(a) The need to dominate trade routes.
(b) The need for monopoly.
(c) The need for mercantile power.
(d) The need for profit.

14. Why does Hobsbawm say that the Industrial Revolution could only have happened in England?
(a) Becaue only Britain had the commercial strength and social conditions for it.
(b) Because the rest of the continent was consumed in war.
(c) Because the Industrial Revolution required a cooler climate.
(d) Because agriculture thrived in England's moister climate.

15. What does Hobsbawm say is the dual root of nationalism in Europe?
(a) New trade routes and peace after the war.
(b) The population explosion and the railroad.
(c) The French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.
(d) The destruction of the French Revolution and the population explosion.

Short Answer Questions

1. What did the monarchy do in response to France's financial crisis in the 1780s?

2. Where did Russia expand its relationships after the French Revolution?

3. How did the concept of nationalism spread through Europe?

4. Which market supplied raw materials for the cotton trade?

5. What does Hobsbawm call the Industrial Revolution?

(see the answer keys)

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