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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What capability was open to the middle class, as a result of the age of revolutions, that was not open before the revolutions?
(a) Land speculation.
(b) Small business ownership.
(c) Class mobility.
(d) Migration.

2. What stage was the political theory in when the organizers were making promises to the workers in the mid-1800s?
(a) It was still a lot of dreaming by people who were powerless to act.
(b) It was not well-organized enough to be a threat.
(c) It was meeting the political will to begin to strive towards achieving its goals.
(d) It was establishing coalitions with policemen, soldiers, and union leaders to present demands and back them with force.

3. How did the people in political power react to middle class ideology, in Hobsbawm's account?
(a) They either followed it or ignored it.
(b) They turned it to their advantage politically.
(c) They embraced it only reluctantly.
(d) They attempted to repress it, generally.

4. What was the political ideology behind the organizers' promises to the working poor?
(a) Utopianism.
(b) Communism.
(c) Radicalism.
(d) Fourierism.

5. What figure does Hobsbawm say emerged from Romanticism?
(a) The lonely old man.
(b) The exiled emperor.
(c) The alienated genius.
(d) The fertile woman.

6. What was the one nation Hobsbawm says could have been considered industrialized in 1848?
(a) Britain.
(b) America.
(c) France.
(d) Russia.

7. What was changing in the role religion played in people's lives, in Hobsbawm's account?
(a) It was in general decline.
(b) It was expanding into poor neighborhoods.
(c) It was becoming merely ceremonial.
(d) It was becoming more radical.

8. Who does Hobsbawm say typified the third kind of thinking that arose in the early 1800s?
(a) Wordsworth and Blake.
(b) Goethe.
(c) Coleridge.
(d) Rousseau and Hegel.

9. What tool did the upper classes use to discriminate against the working poor?
(a) Anti-union gangs.
(b) Hiring decisions.
(c) Military repression.
(d) Legislation.

10. In what way does Hobsbawm say that the sympathies of those in power were split in the early 1800s?
(a) Those in power were torn between ideological affection for democracy, but faith in the elite as rulers.
(b) They were caught between expensive colonialism abroad, and lack of tax revenues at home.
(c) They were torn between exhaustion with warfare, and the need to expand their territory.
(d) They were caught between wanting to industrialize, but also to keep their culture the same.

11. In Hobsbawm's account, what happened in France as industrialism expanded in neighboring countries?
(a) Land reforms from the French Revolution tied land use to the peasantry, and the economy did not take off.
(b) France industrialized quickly, as the soldiers returned from the Napoleonic Wars and went to work in factories.
(c) The economy was paralyzed by the veterans returning from the wars to the small plots of land Napoleon had promised.
(d) Economic development was slow for lack of investors willing to put money in French factories.

12. What state were other economies in 1848?
(a) They were developing politically.
(b) They were refining slave-based production methods.
(c) They were building the foundations for modern agricultural techniques.
(d) They were still linked to agriculture.

13. What did working-class organizers promise the workers, as the gap between rich and poor grew wider?
(a) Equal representation in legislative and judiciary functions of government.
(b) A permanent change in society that recognized their importance as the source of all wealth.
(c) Power to rule in the aristocrats' place, with all of the aristocrats' luxuries.
(d) Ownership of the means of production.

14. In what way, in Hobsbawm's account, did the nobility use religion?
(a) As a prop to demonstrate their conspicuous leisure.
(b) As an expensive charity to donate to.
(c) As a club to keep the lower classes down.
(d) As a source of stability and legitimacy.

15. What changed in other countries, but did not change in France, in Hobsbawm's analysis?
(a) Mercantile colonialism did not provide large amounts of revenue.
(b) Population did not increase.
(c) Inflation did not remain low.
(d) France did not begin to idealize its ancient past.

Short Answer Questions

1. What motive does Hobsbawm say would have to motivate the new owners of the land, if the land were going to develop economically?

2. In Hobsbawm's account, what did the peasantry gain by land reforms sweeping the globe in the mid-1800s?

3. Where was Chartism an active part of the political landscape?

4. How were Charles Dickens' novels connected to the politics of Dickens' time, in Hobsbawm's account?

5. How does Hobsbawm describe the traditional system of agriculture?

(see the answer keys)

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