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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In what way does Hobsbawm say that the sympathies of those in power were split in the early 1800s?
(a) They were torn between exhaustion with warfare, and the need to expand their territory.
(b) They were caught between wanting to industrialize, but also to keep their culture the same.
(c) Those in power were torn between ideological affection for democracy, but faith in the elite as rulers.
(d) They were caught between expensive colonialism abroad, and lack of tax revenues at home.

2. What changed in other countries, but did not change in France, in Hobsbawm's analysis?
(a) Inflation did not remain low.
(b) Mercantile colonialism did not provide large amounts of revenue.
(c) France did not begin to idealize its ancient past.
(d) Population did not increase.

3. What distinguished the new class of workers that emerged in the Age of Revolution?
(a) They received pay in money, not goods.
(b) They no longer needed patrons.
(c) They did not use their hands.
(d) They went to school for their trade.

4. What tool did the upper classes use to discriminate against the working poor?
(a) Anti-union gangs.
(b) Military repression.
(c) Hiring decisions.
(d) Legislation.

5. What view of society was beginning to be adopted widely, in Hobsbawm's account?
(a) A mechanical view.
(b) A spiritual view.
(c) A liberal view.
(d) A conservative view.

6. In what way, in Hobsbawm's account, did the nobility use religion?
(a) As a club to keep the lower classes down.
(b) As an expensive charity to donate to.
(c) As a source of stability and legitimacy.
(d) As a prop to demonstrate their conspicuous leisure.

7. What was the new stance toward religion after the French Revolution?
(a) The church had insinuated itself into the government.
(b) Radicals were openly antagonistic to the church.
(c) The state had seized all church lands, and the church was diminished.
(d) People were not hostile, but society was becoming more secular.

8. In Hobsbawm's account, what happened in France as industrialism expanded in neighboring countries?
(a) France industrialized quickly, as the soldiers returned from the Napoleonic Wars and went to work in factories.
(b) The economy was paralyzed by the veterans returning from the wars to the small plots of land Napoleon had promised.
(c) Economic development was slow for lack of investors willing to put money in French factories.
(d) Land reforms from the French Revolution tied land use to the peasantry, and the economy did not take off.

9. What possibility did this social structure open to French society?
(a) It became a place where new immigrants could attain citizenship.
(b) It became a place where talent could succeed regardless of wealth or birth.
(c) It became a place where the monarch could appoint friends and supporters.
(d) It became a place where aristocrats could regain their property and standing.

10. Who does Hobsbawm say typified the third kind of thinking that arose in the early 1800s?
(a) Goethe.
(b) Rousseau and Hegel.
(c) Coleridge.
(d) Wordsworth and Blake.

11. What caused the middle class ideology to decline, in Hobsbawm's account?
(a) The advent of monopolies.
(b) Communism was taking hold.
(c) Cutthroat capitalist competition.
(d) It was vulgarized by business interests.

12. The most industrialized countries saw more and more adherents of what religion?
(a) Folk religion.
(b) Protestantism.
(c) Catholicism.
(d) Paganism.

13. How did this social structure change in the years after the Napoleonic Wars?
(a) It developed into radical socialism.
(b) It developed into trade unionism.
(c) It merged into the old aristocracy.
(d) It expanded its reach into all aspects of French culture.

14. What figure does Hobsbawm say emerged from Romanticism?
(a) The alienated genius.
(b) The lonely old man.
(c) The fertile woman.
(d) The exiled emperor.

15. What capability was open to the middle class, as a result of the age of revolutions, that was not open before the revolutions?
(a) Class mobility.
(b) Migration.
(c) Land speculation.
(d) Small business ownership.

Short Answer Questions

1. What state were other economies in 1848?

2. What stage was the political theory in when the organizers were making promises to the workers in the mid-1800s?

3. How were the working classes influenced by religion after the French Revolution?

4. How did Hobsbawm characterize the change in the way that people related to the land, and the way land was related to the economy?

5. What motive does Hobsbawm say would have to motivate the new owners of the land, if the land were going to develop economically?

(see the answer keys)

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