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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What capability was open to the middle class, as a result of the age of revolutions, that was not open before the revolutions?
(a) Small business ownership.
(b) Land speculation.
(c) Class mobility.
(d) Migration.

2. What was the political ideology behind the organizers' promises to the working poor?
(a) Communism.
(b) Radicalism.
(c) Utopianism.
(d) Fourierism.

3. In what way does Hobsbawm say that the sympathies of those in power were split in the early 1800s?
(a) Those in power were torn between ideological affection for democracy, but faith in the elite as rulers.
(b) They were caught between expensive colonialism abroad, and lack of tax revenues at home.
(c) They were torn between exhaustion with warfare, and the need to expand their territory.
(d) They were caught between wanting to industrialize, but also to keep their culture the same.

4. Why were the working poor treated with contempt as a new social structure evolved in Europe?
(a) They did not need to finance their lives with untrustworthy paper money.
(b) They seemed to lack the quality that had allowed others to move into the middle class.
(c) They seemed to be freer than the middle class, who had to be ambitious to get ahead.
(d) They knew how to perform the manual labor that others no longer performed.

5. What does Hobsbawm say was the realm of all important thought at the time?
(a) It was literary.
(b) It was secular.
(c) It was political.
(d) It was religious.

Short Answer Questions

1. What landmark event does Hobsbawm use as the beginning of the middle class ideology?

2. What stage was the political theory in when the organizers were making promises to the workers in the mid-1800s?

3. What did working-class organizers promise the workers, as the gap between rich and poor grew wider?

4. Why did places that had not been conquered by France reform their land use, in Hobsbawm's opinion?

5. How does Hobsbawm say conditions for the working poor changed in the mid-1800s?

Short Essay Questions

1. Which religions were expanding as the Catholic Church's importance was declining?

2. Who does Hobsbawm say was most receptive to Romanticism, and why?

3. Why does Hobsbawm describe the changing use of the landscape "the most catastrophic phenomenon" of the period?

4. How does Hobsbawm define middle class ideology?

5. Which artist does Hobsbawm cite as examples of the high standards reached in the arts in the mid-1800s?

6. What had to happen to land use practices, in Hobsbawm's account, for capitalism to take hold in Europe?

7. What does Hobsbawm say was increasing around 1848?

8. How does Hobsbawm say France in particular created opportunities for a new middle class?

9. How does Hobsbawm describe the working class' living conditions?

10. What does Hobsbawm say was the third kind of secular thought that developed during the middle of the nineteenth century?

(see the answer keys)

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