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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What did the new view hold that was spreading through Europe?
(a) The improvability of the system by engineers and scientists.
(b) The progress of society through reason and philosophical enlightenment.
(c) The spiritual unification of humanity in a global community.
(d) The value of tradition in ritual and mystery.

2. In Hobsbawm's account, what did the peasantry lose by land reforms sweeping the globe in the mid-1800s?
(a) Freedom.
(b) Protections.
(c) Ambition.
(d) Dependence on local government.

3. Which musician did NOT rise to prominence during the Age of Revolution?
(a) Beethoven.
(b) Bach.
(c) Schumann.
(d) Schubert.

4. What began to develop as industrialism developed in Europe?
(a) An arms race between nations.
(b) Lower prices as producers competed for buyers.
(c) A gap between developed and un-developed nations.
(d) A trade war over tariffs.

5. What did working-class organizers promise the workers, as the gap between rich and poor grew wider?
(a) Ownership of the means of production.
(b) Equal representation in legislative and judiciary functions of government.
(c) Power to rule in the aristocrats' place, with all of the aristocrats' luxuries.
(d) A permanent change in society that recognized their importance as the source of all wealth.

Short Answer Questions

1. What was changing in the role religion played in people's lives, in Hobsbawm's account?

2. What capability was open to the middle class, as a result of the age of revolutions, that was not open before the revolutions?

3. How does Hobsbawm describe the traditional system of agriculture?

4. Why were Jews particularly well-suited to take advantage of opportunities to join the new middle class?

5. Which class was Romanticism popular among, in Hobsbawm's account?

Short Essay Questions

1. How does Hobsbawm describe the working class' living conditions?

2. What happened in France while the rest of Europe was industrializing?

3. What opportunities were open because of the Industrial Revolution that were not open before, in Hobsbawm's account?

4. What had to happen to land use practices, in Hobsbawm's account, for capitalism to take hold in Europe?

5. Which religions were expanding as the Catholic Church's importance was declining?

6. Why does Hobsbawm describe the changing use of the landscape "the most catastrophic phenomenon" of the period?

7. How does Hobsbawm say France in particular created opportunities for a new middle class?

8. What does Hobsbawm say was increasing around 1848?

9. How, in Hobsbawm's account, did European land reforms fare in other places?

10. How does Hobsbawm define middle class ideology?

(see the answer keys)

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