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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. What was the international congress that ruled Europe called?

2. What emerged in 1830, according to Hobsbawm's evaluation?

3. What product does Hobsbawm say was the catalyst for the Industrial Revolution?

4. In what did England lead Europe, in Hobsbawm's account?

5. Why did the French state have a financial crisis in the 1780s?

Short Essay Questions

1. Who, in Hobsbawm's account, formed the foundation for what Hobsbawm calls "self-conscious' nationalism?

2. In Hobsbawm's account, how strong were the major European nations by the end of the Napoleonic Wars?

3. What does Hobsbawm say was the second wave of revolutions to follow the French Revolution?

4. What does Hobsbawm say were the monarchies' relationships with land use and the economy in 1780?

5. Describe the final defeat of the French forces at the end of the Napoleonic Wars.

6. Why did a period of peace follow the Napoleonic Wars, in Hobsbawm's account?

7. What does Hobsbawm say is the difference between revolts and national movements?

8. In what way does Hobsbawm say that the world was both bigger and smaller in the late 1700s?

9. What role did the cotton market play in the Industrial Revolution, in Hobsbawm's account?

10. How did the French Revolution proceed from 1792 to 1794?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Compare and contrast Communism in the economy and Romanticism in the arts as two responses to industrialization. How are they related? How are they different manifestations of reactions against the same cultural environment?

Essay Topic 2

In what ways were the French Revolution and Industrial Revolution 'revolutions' in the technical sense (i.e. turnings back toward some previous state) and in what ways were they revolutionary (i.e. unprecedented, original events)?

Essay Topic 3

Was the secularization of European culture a benefit or a disadvantage of industrialization? Was it simply a transition, as people found their religion in other places? What functions had religion served that were now served by other, secular developments?

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