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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Which market supplied raw materials for the cotton trade?

2. In what way does Hobsbawm say the world of 1789 was bigger than today?

3. What area was affected by what Hobsbawm calls the third wave of revolutions?

4. Where did the second wave of revolutions take place?

5. What pressure drove the mechanization of production in the late 1700s?

Short Essay Questions

1. What does Hobsbawm say was the second wave of revolutions to follow the French Revolution?

2. In Hobsbawm's account, why was 1830 a turning point in the history of Europe?

3. What does Hobsbawm say was the third wave of revolutions to follow the French Revolution?

4. Describe the final defeat of the French forces at the end of the Napoleonic Wars.

5. What does Hobsbawm say is the difference between revolts and national movements?

6. In what way does Hobsbawm say that the world was both bigger and smaller in the late 1700s?

7. Who, in Hobsbawm's account, formed the foundation for what Hobsbawm calls "self-conscious' nationalism?

8. In Hobsbawm's account, was the Napoleonic War worth the destruction it caused for the economic benefits that followed?

9. What conditions made Britain ripe for the Industrial Revolution, according to Hobsbawm?

10. How does Hobsbawm say that the nationalistic ideal spread through Europe?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

What are the major developments that have shaped the hundred and sixty or so years since 1848? Choose one and describe, in much the way Hobsbawm does, the factors that led to the development, as well as its primary consequences.

Essay Topic 2

Not everyone was thrilled by the development of a new middle class, a new middle class ideology, and a Romantic or liberal perspective on history, culture, and the arts. Describe the opposition to progress, Romanticism, liberalism, and Communism. Who were the groups, classes or individuals who resisted the revolutions that changed the world in the 19th century?

Essay Topic 3

Was the secularization of European culture a benefit or a disadvantage of industrialization? Or, was it simply a transition, as people found their religion in other places? What functions had religion served that were now served by other, secular developments?

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