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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. John Stevens feels the Panama Canal can be completed by January 1914, but doubts a sea- level version can be prior to what year?

2. In a special message to Congress on January 4, 1904, Theodore Roosevelt claims what nation violates a U.S. mandate to build the canal, the "great design" of the 1846 treaty to secure its construction?

3. A movement begins in Panama in July 1903, as 25-26 gather to talk revolution, including which leaders?

4. Social life in the Canal Zone during George W. Goethals' era is best described how?

5. How many times does Theodore Roosevelt return to Panama to see the canal?

Short Essay Questions

1. What became of Phillippee Banau-Varilla?

2. What is Panama's social structure like?

3. Rather than shutting the project down, what are some of the thing implemented by the authoritative new chairman of the ICC, Theodore Perry Shonts?

4. What does George Washington Goethals do after the canal is completed?

5. What is occurring during the initial stage of U.S. efforts in Panama that culminates in a 1905 event?

6. How is it the U.S. must come to grips with Article 35 of the Bidack Treaty in regard to Panama?

7. Where does David McCullough get his subtitle for Chapter 12?

8. Which of the three presidents that the Panama Canal is built under is most crucial to it?

9. George Washington Goethals did not have the easy way with people as his predecessor John Stevens did, so what steps did he take for effective leadership?

10. Why is Colonel William Crawford Gorgas sent to Panama?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

The cream of France's engineering programs in the 19th century reportedly looks down their noses at Americans in that field. Yet they do not adapt well in Panama as they did in Egypt ten years earlier. Why is this so? Why are they unable to habituate as the Americans eventually will later? Is it fair to attribute their difficulty to acclimatize to snobbishness as David McCullough suggests?

Essay Topic 2

Chapter 3 shows that only Ferdinand de Lesseps's preconceived opinions and views matter at the 1879 Congris International d'Ytudes du Canal Interocyanique in Paris. Why does de Lesseps not hold a legitimate meeting? Would it still not have come down to Panama or Nicaragua, as it did in the debates years later in Walker vs. Morgan? He is definitely a "take charge" type, but why does he continuously shrug off critical facts presented to him? Why does his success not carry over to Panama?

Essay Topic 3

Ferdinand de Lesseps was successful in getting the Suez Canal completed in ten years. Why was Compagnie Universelle attempt in the Panama a failure? What factors that he has control over does he fail to address? What matters are out of his hands? Hindsight is 20/20, but what should he have done differently? Was there any way for de Lesseps to pull Panama off successfully?

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