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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. A worker dies of bubonic plague on July 3, 1905, and William Crawford Gorgas immediately orders a campaign to eradicate what?

2. William Crawford Gorgas gathers data on how weather and topography affect Anopheles mosquitoes that transmit malarial parasite to humans, and discovers what?

3. Dr. William Henry Welch of Johns Hopkins Medical School convinces Theodore Roosevelt to assign a sanitary officer. Why is Welch's former student, William Crawford Gorgas, chosen?

4. What takes place subsequent to the arrival of Theodore Perry Shonts and John Stevens in Panama?

5. How have George W. Goethals' successors followed his aesthetic and military decision by allowing the jungle to get how close to the shore?

Short Essay Questions

1. Which of the three presidents that the Panama Canal is built under is most crucial to it?

2. What is Panama's social structure like?

3. Why is the initial Chief Engineer, John F. Wallace, let go?

4. What is the social life like in Panama for canal workers during Goethals' time?

5. What is the focus of attention from 1907-1913?

6. What would be an accurate description of John Stevens, the second chief engineer in Panama?

7. How is it the U.S. must come to grips with Article 35 of the Bidack Treaty in regard to Panama?

8. What became of Phillippee Banau-Varilla?

9. What are some of the critical points of the Hay- Herran Treaty ratified by the Senate 73-5 on March 17, 1903?

10. What is the design of the largest moving part of the canal system?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

David McCullough reports that the second Hay-Pauncefote Treaty is the most important of Theodore Roosevelt's presidency. Why does Roosevelt disapprove of the initial treaty? How does he demonstrate his objections? Why does Roosevelt state he is "delighted" by the November 18, 1901 signing of the revised treaty?

Essay Topic 2

The last chief engineer is George Washington Goethals. He is a model officer of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Does he operate under a military regime approach? Does he use the methods of either John Stevens or John Wallace? What are some of the techniques he utilized to achieve success with the project itself? What approaches did he take for success with those on his payroll?

Essay Topic 3

David McCullough notes in his initial chapter that all early 19th-century canal plans are preposterous. Every survey is flawed due to assumptions and inaccurate data. Yet the Suez Canal was successfully opening on November 1869, after ten years of construction. It is twice as long as the Panama Canal, which did not open until 1914. Actual work on the Panama did not start until 1880, a decade following the Suez opening. Central America afforded at least 19 possible locations to select from. Explain what causes so many problems in constructing the Panama Canal. What took so long? Why was there such a lengthy battle in Washington? What caused the loss of so many lives?

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