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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. What sociologist is cited as saying in Chapter 4: "The Cruel Hand" that those sent to prison "are institutionally branded as a particular class of individuals"?

2. The increase in the number of African American males sent to prison for drug crimes increased by what percentage between 1985 and 2005?

3. What amount of money can Ohio charge probationers as a supervision fee as a condition of probation, according to the author in Chapter 4: "The Cruel Hand"?

4. Where is the See Forever charter school for juvenile offenders?

5. When was the Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act passed, authorizing public housing agencies the ability to exclude and evict drug offenders and other felons from access?

Short Essay Questions

1. How did the media and propaganda contribute to the stereotype of the poor African American drug user?

2. What are the financial debts that a former criminal may face? How much of their wages can be garnished to cover these expenses?

3. What is the Baldus study? What were the conclusions of the study?

4. What are the obstacles that former criminals face in terms of finding housing?

5. What was enacted with the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988?

6. How does the author describe the circumstances of Emma Faye Stewart's arrest in Chapter 3: "The Color of Justice"?

7. When did Whren v. United States go before the Supreme Court? What was the Court's decision?

8. How is Iris Marion Young's "birdcage" metaphor described in Chapter 5: "The New Jim Crow"?

9. Why does the author discuss Barack Obama's speech at the Apostolic Church of God in Chicago in Chapter 5: "The New Jim Crow"?

10. What circumstances led to Clinton Drake's inability to vote?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

How is the penal population in the United States compared with other countries? What different elements contribute to this disparity? What actions has the U.S. taken to address the problems of mass incarceration?

Essay Topic 2

Discuss the disparities between white and African American populations in the U.S. penal system. How have prison populations changed from the 1970s to today? How have the statistics changed regarding African Americans in the criminal justice system?

Essay Topic 3

What are the repercussions a defendant may face for taking a plea deal instead of facing mandatory sentences for drug offenses? What are some of the examples of costs that a defendant may face after trial? How can these costs oppress a former inmate?

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