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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. What criticism did Carlyle make of American industrialism?

2. What is the relationship between industrialism and pastoralism?

3. How does Marx describe the pastoralism of the 19th century?

4. What percentage of Americans lived on farms (in the time of Marx's writing)?

5. What is Marx's tone throughout 'The Machine in the Garden'?

Short Essay Questions

1. What was Mark Twain's stance on technology and nature in Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court?

2. How did Emerson react to industrialism?

3. What critique did Carlyle make of industrialism?

4. How does Marx categorize modern man's attitude toward the pastoral ideal in terms of the authors he has analyzed?

5. What is complex pastoral ideology, and where does Marx see it in evidence?

6. How does Marx characterize the modern response to pastoralism?

7. How would you characterize Marx's own view about pastoralism?

8. How developed was the land at the end of the 18th century?

9. What is the role of industry in Melville's Moby Dick?

10. What is the 'Garden of Ashes' a reference to?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

The Bible is frequently cited as a source for the colonists' belief that they had reached a promised land where they had to have dominion and make a city on the hill, a garden out of the wilderness. Trace one biblical imperative through a few works of pastoral ideal. How does the biblical idea express itself in different works?

Essay Topic 2

Is there an essential pastoralism, or is each person's or culture's pastoralism unique to its own context? Does the similarity of symbols and associations apply in every time and case? Read one of the stories or novels Marx analyzes, to see how the pastoral themes might be unique to the individual work.

Essay Topic 3

How does Marx define the term pastoral ideology, and how does he describe the terms' uses? What uses does the term have, if it can be used for everything from social activities to government policies to literary themes? Is pastoralism always the same phenomena, or is it different depending on its application?

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