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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What do liberal thinkers say the sentimental pastoral ideal results in, according to Marx?
(a) Ignorance and apathy.
(b) Reactionary philosophy.
(c) Industrial developments.
(d) Peace movements.

2. What does Marx say is the 'sentimental' pastoral ideal?
(a) Domesticating wild things.
(b) The savages' harmony with nature.
(c) Green, rural lifestyle.
(d) Harnessing natural resources.

3. What is the heart of the pastoral ideal?
(a) To live out a primitive existence.
(b) To turn nature into an industrial resource.
(c) To live in the lap of nature.
(d) To transform nature into an ordered place.

4. What did the new world fail to offer newcomers, in typical accounts?
(a) Power.
(b) Wealth.
(c) Civilization.
(d) Art.

5. In Jefferson's time, how did the eastern farmers come to see nature, as a result of their work?
(a) As a new nature.
(b) As a domestic industry.
(c) As a raw material.
(d) As an improved nature.

6. Marx writes that America offered men a middle state between what and what in the eighteenth century?
(a) Corruption and innocence.
(b) Wilderness and domestication.
(c) Civilization and primitive life.
(d) Comfort and exploration.

7. How have the relationships between the city and country changed in American industrial pastoralism?
(a) They are both reinvented by machines.
(b) They are both monetized.
(c) They are no longer exclusive.
(d) They are no longer interdependent.

8. When did Robert Beverly write his history of Virginia?
(a) 1703.
(b) 1620.
(c) 1690.
(d) 1607.

9. What does pastoral ideology conflict with, in Marx's account?
(a) Extractive industries.
(b) The reality of history.
(c) Urbanization.
(d) Industrial modernism.

10. What did Beverly describe as the paradox of existence in the New World?
(a) Whites wanted peace with the natives, but took their land to start wars.
(b) Settlers brought progress, but the natives didn't want it.
(c) Settlers wanted a paradise, but replicated their towns and government.
(d) Natives wanted progress, but then they hated themselves.

11. What desire does Marx describe as the opposite of Barlowe's view?
(a) The desire to make the earth productive.
(b) The desire to tame the landscape.
(c) The desire to convert the savages.
(d) The desire to know the earth mystically.

12. What were the keys to the American landscape, in the views that were the opposite of Barlowe's?
(a) Development and expansion.
(b) Conservation and reservations.
(c) Generosity and sharing.
(d) Hard work and sacrifice.

13. How had feelings about nature changed by Jefferson's time?
(a) Nature seemed benevolent compared with the disordered city.
(b) Nature had become a mirror for man's corrupt soul.
(c) Nature seemed divine and benevolent compared with corrupt man.
(d) Nature seemed chaotic and devilish compared with civilization.

14. When did the assault on American pastoralism begin, in Marx's account?
(a) 1850s.
(b) 1780s.
(c) 1840s.
(d) 1860s.

15. In what art does Marx see pastoral ideology contributing to a more realistic outcome for American society?
(a) Music.
(b) Literature.
(c) Painting.
(d) Sculpture.

Short Answer Questions

1. When did a uniquely American pastoral image emerge?

2. How did Barlowe describe the indigenous people he encountered?

3. What other American literature does Marx say exemplifies the three-stage theme he identified in Shakespeare's 'The Tempest'?

4. What did Hawthorne describe in the piece Marx analyzed?

5. What is the second reaction Marx describes to industrialism?

(see the answer keys)

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