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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Where was Hawthorne when he wrote the piece Marx analyzed?
(a) Concord, MA.
(b) Providence, RI.
(c) Norfolk, VA.
(d) Yosemite, CA.

2. How have liberal thinkers portrayed the sentimental pastoral ideal, in Marx's account?
(a) As the path to the future.
(b) As a requirement for a green society.
(c) As a harmless fantasy.
(d) As a hindrance to progress.

3. What does Marx say Beverly felt about the New World, by the end of his history?
(a) Cautiously optimistic.
(b) Determined.
(c) Elated.
(d) Disappointed.

4. How have the relationships between the city and country changed in American industrial pastoralism?
(a) They are no longer exclusive.
(b) They are both monetized.
(c) They are no longer interdependent.
(d) They are both reinvented by machines.

5. What writer does Marx credit with beginning the theme of pastoralism in literature?
(a) Hawthorne.
(b) Homer.
(c) Virgil.
(d) Plato.

6. What did the new world fail to offer newcomers, in typical accounts?
(a) Art.
(b) Power.
(c) Wealth.
(d) Civilization.

7. What was nature's role supposed to be in the nation's future, by Jefferson's time?
(a) Natural resources were going to be a source of wealth for generations.
(b) Virgin territory was going absorb all the overflowing east-coast cities.
(c) Wilderness was going to redeem the nation's soul.
(d) Agriculture was going to supply the nation's wealth.

8. When did complex pastoral ideology come into existence?
(a) Eighteenth century.
(b) Nineteenth century.
(c) With colonization.
(d) Twentieth century.

9. What is the first reaction Marx describes to industrialism?
(a) Rebellion.
(b) Relocation.
(c) Feelings of alienation.
(d) Unionization.

10. What human structure did Barlowe describe America in terms of?
(a) Church.
(b) City.
(c) Heaven.
(d) Garden.

11. What did Beverly describe changing in the New World as a result of European settlement?
(a) Beverly saw human nature become greedy when resources were cheap.
(b) Beverly saw the natives learn to want drink and escapism as a result of contact with settlers.
(c) Beverly saw the whites corrupt the natives.
(d) Beverly saw the whites corrupt the natives.

12. How were frontiersmen typically portrayed by easterners in Jefferson's time?
(a) As untamed.
(b) As epicures.
(c) As dilettantes.
(d) As civilizing agents.

13. What form of art had reached a peak in Thomas Jefferson's time?
(a) Terza rima.
(b) Trompe l'oeil paintings.
(c) Homeric versa.
(d) Landscape painting.

14. How had feelings about nature changed by Jefferson's time?
(a) Nature had become a mirror for man's corrupt soul.
(b) Nature seemed chaotic and devilish compared with civilization.
(c) Nature seemed divine and benevolent compared with corrupt man.
(d) Nature seemed benevolent compared with the disordered city.

15. What aspects of European civilization were the Virginia settlers glad to leave behind, in Beverly's history?
(a) Plagues and uncertainty over medical treatment.
(b) Suppression of religious expression.
(c) Dogmas and conflicts over religion.
(d) Vanities and conflicts over property.

Short Answer Questions

1. What is a consequence of the sentimental pastoral ideal?

2. When did Robert Beverly write his history of Virginia?

3. What literary work did Barlowe echo with his account of his travels?

4. What does Marx say is the central theme of pastoral literature?

5. America was depicted as a paradise that was also what, in Marx's account?

(see the answer keys)

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