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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Where was Hawthorne when he wrote the piece Marx analyzed?
(a) Norfolk, VA.
(b) Providence, RI.
(c) Concord, MA.
(d) Yosemite, CA.

2. When did a uniquely American pastoral image emerge?
(a) At colonization.
(b) Eighteenth century.
(c) Nineteenth century.
(d) Seventeenth century.

3. What does Marx say is the central theme of pastoral literature?
(a) The interruption of woodland peace.
(b) The imperative to transform nature.
(c) The desire to merge with nature.
(d) The futility of fighting nature.

4. What associations were suggested by Marx's leading symbol of industrialism?
(a) Efficiency, control, and profit.
(b) Steam, progress, and control over the ocean.
(c) Power, productivity, and order.
(d) Fire, smoke and speed.

5. What virtues would the Jeffersonian man strike a balance between?
(a) Poetry and technology.
(b) Nature and civility.
(c) Urbaneness and wilderness.
(d) Literature and action.

6. What is the third stage of life that Marx describes through Shakespeare's 'The Tempest'?
(a) Return to home.
(b) Return to childhood.
(c) Return to the city.
(d) Return to nature.

7. What is a consequence of the sentimental pastoral ideal?
(a) Exploitation of resources.
(b) Rail trails.
(c) Urbanization.
(d) Relocation to the suburbs.

8. When did the assault on American pastoralism begin, in Marx's account?
(a) 1850s.
(b) 1840s.
(c) 1780s.
(d) 1860s.

9. What does an individual gain by passing through these three spatial stages?
(a) Maturity.
(b) A high ground in terms of religious experience.
(c) Legitimacy as an American.
(d) A middle ground between city and country.

10. What allowed America to preserve Jeffersonian ideals for 100 years after Jefferson wrote about them?
(a) Slow pace of technological development.
(b) Peace with natives.
(c) A frontier to expand into.
(d) Absence of foreign threats.

11. How have liberal thinkers portrayed the sentimental pastoral ideal, in Marx's account?
(a) As a harmless fantasy.
(b) As the path to the future.
(c) As a hindrance to progress.
(d) As a requirement for a green society.

12. How do Americans express their sentimental pastoral ideal?
(a) By conserving.
(b) By building cities.
(c) By mining resources.
(d) By making green spaces.

13. When did the pastoral idea become part of American culture?
(a) At the Revolution.
(b) At the Industrial Revolution.
(c) At colonization.
(d) During the French Revolution.

14. What did the new world fail to offer newcomers, in typical accounts?
(a) Civilization.
(b) Art.
(c) Power.
(d) Wealth.

15. What does Marx say Beverly felt about the New World, by the end of his history?
(a) Elated.
(b) Determined.
(c) Disappointed.
(d) Cautiously optimistic.

Short Answer Questions

1. What human structure did Barlowe describe America in terms of?

2. What were Beverly's sources for his history of Virginia?

3. When did complex pastoral ideology come into existence?

4. What secondary plot does Marx see as important for his purposes?

5. What contradictory aspects of the American landscape came to characterize American pastoralism?

(see the answer keys)

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