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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. When did the pastoral idea become part of American culture?
(a) At the Industrial Revolution.
(b) At colonization.
(c) At the Revolution.
(d) During the French Revolution.

2. What secondary plot does Marx see as important for his purposes?
(a) The conflict over resource use.
(b) The struggle for poetic expression.
(c) The conflict over resource use.
(d) The struggle for domination over nature.

3. What kind of existence did Barlowe describe having encountered in his travels?
(a) Dangerous.
(b) Tumultuous.
(c) Idyllic.
(d) Savage.

4. What threat to the country's moral superiority had developed by Jefferson's time?
(a) Public transit.
(b) The end of slavery.
(c) Slavery.
(d) Enclosure laws.

5. What does an individual gain by passing through these three spatial stages?
(a) A middle ground between city and country.
(b) Maturity.
(c) Legitimacy as an American.
(d) A high ground in terms of religious experience.

6. What is the second stage of life that Marx describes through Shakespeare's 'The Tempest'?
(a) Life in the city.
(b) Life in nature.
(c) Return to nature.
(d) Return to the city.

7. What does Marx relate Shakespeare's 'The Tempest' to?
(a) Indigenous people.
(b) American colonization.
(c) Natural spirituality.
(d) Political intrigue.

8. What was the opposite of Barlowe's experience in his travels?
(a) Sparse resources and unsafe territory.
(b) Storms and primitive land.
(c) Rocky soil and harsh laws.
(d) Political intrigue.

9. What is the first reaction Marx describes to industrialism?
(a) Unionization.
(b) Feelings of alienation.
(c) Relocation.
(d) Rebellion.

10. What other American literature does Marx say exemplifies the three-stage theme he identified in Shakespeare's 'The Tempest'?
(a) Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher.
(b) Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin.
(c) Twain's Huckleberry Finn.
(d) Morrison's Beloved.

11. What do liberal thinkers say the sentimental pastoral ideal results in, according to Marx?
(a) Reactionary philosophy.
(b) Ignorance and apathy.
(c) Industrial developments.
(d) Peace movements.

12. When did complex pastoral ideology come into existence?
(a) Twentieth century.
(b) Eighteenth century.
(c) With colonization.
(d) Nineteenth century.

13. How had feelings about nature changed by Jefferson's time?
(a) Nature seemed chaotic and devilish compared with civilization.
(b) Nature seemed benevolent compared with the disordered city.
(c) Nature seemed divine and benevolent compared with corrupt man.
(d) Nature had become a mirror for man's corrupt soul.

14. Why did Beverly feel as he did by the end of his work?
(a) He thought the New World would improve the settlers.
(b) He thought that the New World could improve the natives.
(c) He thought that the settlers and natives could work together.
(d) He saw a unique opportunity in the New World.

15. What does Marx say is the 'sentimental' pastoral ideal?
(a) Green, rural lifestyle.
(b) Domesticating wild things.
(c) The savages' harmony with nature.
(d) Harnessing natural resources.

Short Answer Questions

1. What were Beverly's sources for his history of Virginia?

2. When did Thomas Jefferson publish his Notes on Virginia?

3. Who typically espouses the sentimental pastoral ideal?

4. What did the settlers find appealing about the New World?

5. How did Barlowe describe the indigenous people he encountered?

(see the answer keys)

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