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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In Jefferson's time, how did the eastern farmers come to see nature, as a result of their work?
(a) As an improved nature.
(b) As a domestic industry.
(c) As a raw material.
(d) As a new nature.

2. What is the second stage of life that Marx describes through Shakespeare's 'The Tempest'?
(a) Return to nature.
(b) Return to the city.
(c) Life in nature.
(d) Life in the city.

3. When did Thomas Jefferson publish his Notes on Virginia?
(a) 1789.
(b) 1781.
(c) 1803.
(d) 1776.

4. Which leisure activity does Marx identify as revealing the influence of the sentimental pastoral ideal?
(a) Flying.
(b) Hiking.
(c) Travel.
(d) Theatre.

5. What kind of existence did Barlowe describe having encountered in his travels?
(a) Idyllic.
(b) Savage.
(c) Dangerous.
(d) Tumultuous.

6. When did a uniquely American pastoral image emerge?
(a) Seventeenth century.
(b) At colonization.
(c) Eighteenth century.
(d) Nineteenth century.

7. What threat to the country's moral superiority had developed by Jefferson's time?
(a) Public transit.
(b) Enclosure laws.
(c) Slavery.
(d) The end of slavery.

8. Why did Beverly feel as he did by the end of his work?
(a) He saw a unique opportunity in the New World.
(b) He thought that the settlers and natives could work together.
(c) He thought the New World would improve the settlers.
(d) He thought that the New World could improve the natives.

9. What did the new world fail to offer newcomers, in typical accounts?
(a) Wealth.
(b) Civilization.
(c) Art.
(d) Power.

10. What is the first reaction Marx describes to industrialism?
(a) Unionization.
(b) Relocation.
(c) Rebellion.
(d) Feelings of alienation.

11. How did Barlowe describe the indigenous people he encountered?
(a) As evil and plotting.
(b) As barbaric and cruel.
(c) As simple and virtuous.
(d) As naïve and untrustworthy.

12. How had feelings about nature changed by Jefferson's time?
(a) Nature seemed benevolent compared with the disordered city.
(b) Nature had become a mirror for man's corrupt soul.
(c) Nature seemed chaotic and devilish compared with civilization.
(d) Nature seemed divine and benevolent compared with corrupt man.

13. When did complex pastoral ideology come into existence?
(a) Eighteenth century.
(b) Nineteenth century.
(c) With colonization.
(d) Twentieth century.

14. What did Beverly describe changing in the New World as a result of European settlement?
(a) Beverly saw the whites corrupt the natives.
(b) Beverly saw the natives learn to want drink and escapism as a result of contact with settlers.
(c) Beverly saw the whites corrupt the natives.
(d) Beverly saw human nature become greedy when resources were cheap.

15. When did the assault on American pastoralism begin, in Marx's account?
(a) 1840s.
(b) 1860s.
(c) 1780s.
(d) 1850s.

Short Answer Questions

1. What piece by Nathaniel Hawthorne does Marx treat as emblematic of American pastoralism?

2. What other American literature does Marx say exemplifies the three-stage theme he identified in Shakespeare's 'The Tempest'?

3. What did Jefferson want to keep in Europe?

4. What was nature's role supposed to be in the nation's future, by Jefferson's time?

5. What is the most important part of Shakespeare's 'The Tempest', in Marx's estimation?

(see the answer keys)

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