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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In Jefferson's time, how did the eastern farmers come to see nature, as a result of their work?
(a) As a new nature.
(b) As an improved nature.
(c) As a domestic industry.
(d) As a raw material.

2. What piece by Nathaniel Hawthorne does Marx treat as emblematic of American pastoralism?
(a) The Celestial Railroad.
(b) Sleepy Hollow Notes.
(c) Mosses from an Old Manse.
(d) The Marble Faun.

3. What allowed America to preserve Jeffersonian ideals for 100 years after Jefferson wrote about them?
(a) Peace with natives.
(b) Absence of foreign threats.
(c) A frontier to expand into.
(d) Slow pace of technological development.

4. How did Barlowe describe the indigenous people he encountered?
(a) As naïve and untrustworthy.
(b) As simple and virtuous.
(c) As barbaric and cruel.
(d) As evil and plotting.

5. What secondary plot does Marx see as important for his purposes?
(a) The conflict over resource use.
(b) The struggle for poetic expression.
(c) The struggle for domination over nature.
(d) The conflict over resource use.

6. What were the keys to the American landscape, in the views that were the opposite of Barlowe's?
(a) Development and expansion.
(b) Conservation and reservations.
(c) Hard work and sacrifice.
(d) Generosity and sharing.

7. What writer does Marx credit with beginning the theme of pastoralism in literature?
(a) Homer.
(b) Plato.
(c) Hawthorne.
(d) Virgil.

8. Which leisure activity does Marx identify as revealing the influence of the sentimental pastoral ideal?
(a) Theatre.
(b) Travel.
(c) Hiking.
(d) Flying.

9. How does Marx characterize Prospero and members of the court?
(a) As experienced people hoping for redemption.
(b) As victims of political power.
(c) As advance agents of civilization.
(d) As spokesmen for conservation.

10. What does Marx point out was formed as a result of the Revolutionary War?
(a) Corrupt government.
(b) Filthy cities.
(c) An industrial capacity.
(d) Opposition to expansion.

11. What is the second reaction Marx describes to industrialism?
(a) Environmentalism.
(b) Withdrawal from modernization.
(c) Conservationism.
(d) Urban planning for green spaces.

12. How was Hawthorne's description interrupted?
(a) By a merchant.
(b) By a blue jay.
(c) By an Indian.
(d) By a railroad whistle.

13. What did colonists find in America?
(a) A desert they could transform into a garden.
(b) Infrastructure they could usurp from the natives.
(c) Civilized people they could convert to Christianity.
(d) Virgin land.

14. What virtues did Jefferson associate with the civilization?
(a) Creativity and inspiration.
(b) Ingenuity and technology.
(c) Creativity and inspiration.
(d) Intellect and privilege.

15. How did the first settlers see Virginia, in Beverly's history?
(a) As a pestilential swamp.
(b) As a promised land.
(c) As a desert.
(d) As a purgatory.

Short Answer Questions

1. When did Thomas Jefferson publish his Notes on Virginia?

2. What do liberal thinkers say the sentimental pastoral ideal results in, according to Marx?

3. What did the settlers find appealing about the New World?

4. What does Marx say Beverly felt about the New World, by the end of his history?

5. Where was Hawthorne when he wrote the piece Marx analyzed?

(see the answer keys)

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