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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. When did a uniquely American pastoral image emerge?
(a) Eighteenth century.
(b) Nineteenth century.
(c) At colonization.
(d) Seventeenth century.

2. Marx writes that America offered men a middle state between what and what in the eighteenth century?
(a) Corruption and innocence.
(b) Comfort and exploration.
(c) Wilderness and domestication.
(d) Civilization and primitive life.

3. What other American literature does Marx say exemplifies the three-stage theme he identified in Shakespeare's 'The Tempest'?
(a) Twain's Huckleberry Finn.
(b) Morrison's Beloved.
(c) Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher.
(d) Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin.

4. Which characters are engaged in the final struggle in Shakespeare's 'The Tempest'?
(a) Miranda and Caliban.
(b) Gonzalo and Prospero.
(c) Gonzalo and Ferdinand.
(d) Ferdinand and Miranda.

5. What were the keys to the American landscape, in the views that were the opposite of Barlowe's?
(a) Hard work and sacrifice.
(b) Generosity and sharing.
(c) Development and expansion.
(d) Conservation and reservations.

6. What piece by Nathaniel Hawthorne does Marx treat as emblematic of American pastoralism?
(a) Mosses from an Old Manse.
(b) The Marble Faun.
(c) The Celestial Railroad.
(d) Sleepy Hollow Notes.

7. What is the first reaction Marx describes to industrialism?
(a) Relocation.
(b) Feelings of alienation.
(c) Unionization.
(d) Rebellion.

8. How did Arthur Barlowe describe America?
(a) As a land of plenty.
(b) As a tropical paradise.
(c) As a refuge from Europe.
(d) As a harsh land.

9. What did Beverly describe as the paradox of existence in the New World?
(a) Settlers brought progress, but the natives didn't want it.
(b) Whites wanted peace with the natives, but took their land to start wars.
(c) Natives wanted progress, but then they hated themselves.
(d) Settlers wanted a paradise, but replicated their towns and government.

10. In what art does Marx see pastoral ideology contributing to a more realistic outcome for American society?
(a) Painting.
(b) Music.
(c) Sculpture.
(d) Literature.

11. What did Hawthorne describe in the piece Marx analyzed?
(a) A whale hunt.
(b) A reverie in the woods.
(c) Indian wars.
(d) Living in the woods.

12. What does the end of Shakespeare's 'The Tempest' demonstrate, in Marx's interpretation?
(a) Balance between men and women.
(b) Balance between man and nature.
(c) Justice in righting old wrongs.
(d) Fairness in dividing territory.

13. What does Marx say is unique about pastoralism in the industrial age in America?
(a) People began to be able to visit the country from the city.
(b) People stopped living on farms in the late 1700s.
(c) The railroad blurred the boundary between city and country.
(d) Southern plantations were the first farms to perform agriculture on an industrial scale.

14. How were frontiersmen typically portrayed by easterners in Jefferson's time?
(a) As civilizing agents.
(b) As dilettantes.
(c) As epicures.
(d) As untamed.

15. How had feelings about nature changed by Jefferson's time?
(a) Nature seemed benevolent compared with the disordered city.
(b) Nature seemed divine and benevolent compared with corrupt man.
(c) Nature had become a mirror for man's corrupt soul.
(d) Nature seemed chaotic and devilish compared with civilization.

Short Answer Questions

1. What American literature does Marx say exemplifies the three-stage theme he identified in Shakespeare's 'The Tempest'?

2. For what occasion did Jefferson write his Notes on Virginia?

3. What did Jefferson ultimately conclude about industrialism?

4. What is the heart of the pastoral ideal?

5. When was that work written, which Barlowe likely influenced--and which also influenced Shakespeare in its description of a pastoral paradise?

(see the answer keys)

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